The effect of silviculture on genetic gain in growth of Pinus radiata at one-third rotation

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1979-1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
S D Carson ◽  
M O Kimberley ◽  
J D Hayes ◽  
M J Carson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Modelling ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Silvicultural Treatment

A trial planted on six sites representing five growth modelling regions and a range of site qualities in New Zealand was used to examine the interaction of silviculture and genetic improvement in Pinus radiata D. Don. Four seed lots with differing genetic potential for growth were grown under four stocking treatments from 100 to 600 stems/ha, all with a thinning ratio of 5:2. In addition, two treatments were planted at 500 stems/ha, one pruned and one unpruned. Among sites, differences were large for mean top height (8.1-13.9 m), basal area (7.9-21.5 m2/ha), and volume (25-108 m3/ha) at 8 years from planting. Differences among silvicultural treatments were large for basal area (with a range of 4.3-18.8 m2/ha over sites) and volume (17-86 m3/ha) and smaller but statistically significant for mean top height (10.1-11.6 m). Differences among seed lots were statistically significant for all traits but larger for basal area (12.1-13.6 m2/ha) and volume (51-59 m3/ha) than for height (10.7-11.1 m). Genetically different seed lots performed similarly relative to each other over the range of sites and silvicultural treatment, with a slight trend for greater differences among seed lots in the faster growing silvicultural treatments. However, differences in tree growth were many times greater among sites and silvicultural treatment than among genetically different seed lots.

Quantification of realised genetic gain in radiata pine and its incorporation into growth and yield modelling systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1676-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark O. Kimberley ◽  
John R. Moore ◽  
Heidi S. Dungey
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Using Data

Realised genetic gain for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) was estimated using data from 46 installations of three series of block-plot trials spanning a wide range of site types throughout New Zealand. These trials contained 63 unique seedlots with different levels of genetic improvement. Realised genetic gain was quantified using two measures of productivity: site index and 300 Index (a measure of volume productivity). The level of genetic improvement of each seedlot was determined by its GF Plus rating, a genetic rating system based on breeding values used for New Zealand radiata pine. There was a positive relationship between GF Plus rating and both productivity measures. Differences of 25% in total standing volume at age 30 years and of 5.6% in site index were found between unimproved (GF Plus 9.9) and highly improved (GF Plus 25) seedlots. Each unit increase in GF Plus rating was associated with a 1.51% increase in volume growth rate. In absolute terms, the magnitude of the increase was greater on more productive sites compared with less productive sites, although in percentage terms, it varied little between sites or regions. Quantification of genetic gain in this manner enables it to be easily incorporated into existing growth and yield simulators.

scholarly journals EFICIÊNCIA DE TRATAMENTOS SILVICULTURAIS POR ANELAMENTO NA FLORESTA DO JARI, AMAPÁ

FLORESTA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celso Paulo de Azevedo ◽  
José Natalino Macedo Silva ◽  
Cintia Rodrigues de Souza ◽  
Carlos Roberto Sanquetta
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Important Variation ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Silvicultural Treatment ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Diameter Classes

 O anelamento é um tratamento silvicultural aplicado nas florestas tropicais com o objetivo de manter ou até aumentar a produtividade das espécies exploradas comercialmente para o próximo ciclo de corte. Neste trabalho, analisou-se o efeito de diferentes níveis de exploração e tratamentos silviculturais sobre a dinâmica da floresta remanescente na região do Jari/AP. O tratamento silvicultural foi realizado em 1994, aplicando-se dois tipos de desbaste: desbaste sistemático, com intensidades de redução da área basal original de 30% e 50% e o desbaste seletivo (anelamento com entalhes e aplicação de arboricida). Na aplicação do tratamento, foram aneladas em média 18,3 árvores.ha-1, 2,1 m2.ha-1 de área basal e 25,1 m3.ha-1 de volume, com total de 495 indivíduos anelados (de 93 espécies). A quantidade de árvores mortas em consequência do anelamento variou consideravelmente entre os tratamentos. De maneira geral, o anelamento com a aplicação do arboricida mostrou maior efeito em função da espécie do que com o tamanho das árvores. Espécies com troncos sulcados apresentaram baixa mortalidade. Árvores com diâmetro inferior a 50 cm apresentaram mortalidade de 61 a 90%. Nas classes diamétricas superiores, a taxa de mortalidade foi semelhante, em torno de 69 a 100%.Palavras-chave: Espécies nativas; tratamentos silviculturais; exploração florestal; Amazônia. AbstractEfficiency of silvicultural treatments by girdling in the Jari Forest, Amapá. The girdling is a silvicultural treatment applied in tropical forests in order to maintain or even increase the productivity of commercially exploited species to the next cutting cycle. In this research we analyzed effects of different levels of exploitation and silvicultural treatments on the dynamics of remaining forest in the Jari region/AP. The silvicultural treatment was improved in 1994 and applied to two types of thinning: systematic thinning, with intensities of original basal area reduction of 30% and 50% and selective thinning (with girdling slots and applying arboricida). In the application of treatment it were ringed on average 18.3 trees.ha-1, 2,1 m2.ha-1 of basal area and 25.1 m3.ha-1 of volume, total of 495 treated individuals (93 species). The amount of dead trees as a result of girdling had important variation between treatments. In general, the girdling with application of arboricida presented greater effect in relation to the species than to trees sizes. Species with furrowed trunks presented low mortality. Trees with less than 50 cm of diameter had a mortality rate of 61 to 90 percent. In superior diameter classes the mortality rate was similar, around 69 to 100 percent.Keywords: Native species; silvicultural treatments; forest exploration; Amazonia. 

Genetic improvement of resistance to cyclaneusma needle cast in Pinus radiata

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Suontama ◽  
Yongjun Li ◽  
Charlie B. Low ◽  
Heidi S. Dungey
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Needle Cast ◽  
Genotype Environment Interaction ◽  
Selection For

Progeny testing of resistance to needle loss caused by Cyclaneusma minus (cyclaneusma needle cast) has been included in the needle disease resistance strategy of Pinus radiata D. Don in New Zealand since the late 1970s. Data on progeny trials, two in the North Island of New Zealand and one in Tasmania, Australia, were available to estimate heritability between trait genetic correlations and genotype × environment interaction. Resistance to cyclaneusma needle cast had moderate estimates of heritability (0.25 to 0.46) at all sites. Genetic correlations between the assessed traits indicated that selection for faster early growth, i.e., tree height at age 4 years and diameter at breast height at age 6 years, favours trees that are prone to Cyclaneusma infection, while a favourable genetic association between resistance to cyclaneusma needle cast and productivity was evident at a later assessment at age 9 years. No significant genotype × environment interaction was found for resistance to cyclaneusma needle cast; however, stability of genotypes across a wider range of environments and with a high genetic connectedness requires more research. Considerable genetic improvement can be achieved for resistance to cyclaneusma needle cast and indirect selection for the trait should be pursued by selecting for productivity and culling susceptible genotypes from breeding.

Indices of interspecific plant competition for Pinus radiata in the central north island of New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 898-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Richardson ◽  
Mark O Kimberley ◽  
John W Ray ◽  
Graham W Coker
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Delayed Effect

Pinus radiata D. Don was grown on its own and with a range of densities of either buddleia (Buddleja davidii Franchet) or broom (Cytisus scoparius L.), two important forest weed species, in a field trial at Rotorua, New Zealand. Tree growth from the time of planting to age 3 was modelled as a function of tree size and a competition modifier. The competition modifier is, in effect, a multiplier that reduces tree growth according to the degree of competition defined by a competition index (CI). A range of CIs, with some sensitivity to both weed and tree growth and development over time, were individually incorporated into the modifier and evaluated. The "best" CI combined measures of weed height relative to tree height, proximity of the weed to the tree, and weed abundance, and was negatively correlated with an index of light availability. For a given value of CI, the effect on tree growth was independent of weed species. For diameter growth, the effect of CI was independent of tree age. However, for height growth the negative effect of a given CI value was much higher in year 3 than in years 1 and 2. This suggest that competition has an immediate effect on diameter but a delayed effect on height growth.

Effect of boron fertiliser, weed control and genotype on foliar nutrients and tree growth of juvenile Pinus radiata at two contrasting sites in New Zealand

2008 ◽  
Vol 255 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 1196-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonya T. Olykan ◽  
Jianming Xue ◽  
Peter W. Clinton ◽  
Malcolm F. Skinner ◽  
Doug J. Graham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Foliar Nutrients

scholarly journals Production and interaction of pastures and shelterbelts in the central North Island

1993 ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F. Hawke ◽  
J.D. Tombleson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Nutrient Transfer ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Matter Production

Many New Zealand farms contain shelterbelts which have generally been unmanaged, resulting in dubious shelter benefits and poor log values at harvest. The effect of a 6- and 7-row Pinus radiata shelterbelt on adjacent pasture production was monitored at Matea, Taupo during 1992193. Pasture production was measured at a range of distances parallel'to the shelterbelts on both sides and on open pasture. A 15% increase in pasture production was recorded at 0.7 tree height distance on both sides of the shelterbelts. There was also a gradual trend of increasing dry matter production as distance from the shelterbelts increased. However, on average, the sheltered zone produced slightly less dry matter than the open pasture. Increases in soil and herbage nutrient levels close to the shelterbelt suggest nutrient transfer by animals to the sheltered zones may have occurred. Shelterbelt tree growth was assessed and projected forward to maturity. Merchantable log volume at age 28 years was predicted to be 2300 m3/km of shelterbelt. Based on current log prices the 7-row shelterbelt was estimated at age 28 years to have a net value of $130 000/km Keywords: log value, nutrients, pasture production, pasture composition, Pinus radiata, shelter, shelterbelt, wood yields

Effects of weed control, fertilization, and soil cultivation on the growth of Pinus radiata at midrotation in Canterbury, New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 985-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
E G Mason ◽  
P G Milne
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Yield Model ◽  
Soil Cultivation

Two factorial experiments examining effects of weed control, fertilization, and soil cultivation on Pinus radiata D. Don growth were established in the Canterbury region of New Zealand during 1983. The experiments were measured every year for the first 5 years, during which effects of both weed control and fertilization were detected. Midrotation measurements of height and diameter at breast height were taken. Growth in subplot mean height and basal area per unit area over 3 years in one case and 4 years in the other, up to ages 13 and 14, respectively, was analysed. Results showed that the initial time gain due to weed control and fertilization was preserved at midrotation and that there was no continuing divergence between treated and untreated subplots after weed control. There was, however, continuing divergence after fertilization on one site where topsoil had been shifted into heaps during land clearing. Modelling revealed that effects of weed control and fertilization on basal area growth and yield of stands could be represented by the same difference equation with an additive term to represent the effects of treatments. On the other hand an existing regional growth and yield model failed to represent these effects properly.

Agroforestry in Eastern Otago: results from two long-term experiments

2000 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
G.G. Cossens ◽  
M.F. Hawke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Pasture Yield

During the first 20 years of a Pinus radiata tree rotation, tree growth and pasture yield were assessed under a range of tree spacings at Invermay and Akatore, two coastal sites in Eastern Otago. Pasture yield in association with trees thinned to 100 stems per hectare (sph) was comparable to that from open pasture up to a tree age of 12 years. By the 19th year, however, pasture production declined to 63% of open pasture yield at Invermay and to 42% at Akatore. At 200 and 400 sph at Akatore, pasture yield was similar to that from open pasture at tree age 12 years but declined to 27% and 0% of open pasture yield respectively by year 20. At both Invermay and Akatore, the ryegrass and clover content of open pasture was relatively constant throughout the term of the trial. However, both the ryegrass and clover content of pasture beneath trees began to decline by tree age 12 years with a very rapid decline at Akatore in the number of pasture species at 200 sph by the 19th year. No pasture remained at 400 sph, after 19 years. Livestock carrying capacity with sheep on tree treatments at Invermay decreased from 100% of open pasture at year 6 to 60% by year 10. At Akatore, livestock carrying capacity averaged over the 20-year life of the trial was 4.1 stock units per hectare with a maximum of 8.1 stock units at a tree age of 8 years. Tree growth at both sites was similar, averaging between 1 and 1.1 m/year in height over 20 years, with trees at Invermay at 100 sph averaging 9% greater height and diameter growth than at Akatore. Increasing tree stocking from 100 to 200 to 400 sph at Akatore, resulted in increased tree height, but decreased diameter at breast height. A comparison of the East Otago trees with those in a similar trial at Tikitere (Rotorua) 900 km further north indicated that the southern trees were about 6 years later in their growth pattern by tree age 20 years. On both sites, soil pH tended to be lower in the presence of trees and was significantly lower than in open pasture by year 20. The results and comparisons with the Tikitere data suggest that, in an integrated agroforestry regime, there will be livestock grazing under the trees further into the tree rotation in Otago than in North Island sites. However, slower tree growth would result in a longer rotation time to harvest. Current recommendations to farmers are to plant trees on the less productive areas of the farm and adopt a tree stocking rate which fully utilises the site. Keywords: agroforestry, livestock, pasture, Pinus radiata, soil pH, tree stocking

scholarly journals How Does Radial Growth of Water-Stressed Populations of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Trees Vary under Multiple Drought Events?

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Tamalika Chakraborty ◽  
Albert Reif ◽  
Andreas Matzarakis ◽  
Somidh Saha
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Canopy Openness ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neighborhood Competition

European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees are becoming vulnerable to drought, with a warming climate. Existing studies disagree on how radial growth varies in European beech in response to droughts. We aimed to find the impact of multiple droughts on beech trees’ annual radial growth at their ecological drought limit created by soil water availability in the forest. Besides, we quantified the influence of competition and canopy openness on the mean basal area growth of beech trees. We carried out this study in five near-natural temperate forests in three localities of Germany and Switzerland. We quantified available soil water storage capacity (AWC) in plots laid in the transition zone from oak to beech dominated forests. The plots were classified as ‘dry’ (AWC < 60 mL) and ‘less-dry’ (AWC > 60 mL). We performed dendroecological analyses starting from 1951 in continuous and discontinuous series to study the influence of climatic drought (i.e., precipitation-potential evapotranspiration) on the radial growth of beech trees in dry and less-dry plots. We used observed values for this analysis and did not use interpolated values from interpolated historical records in this study. We selected six drought events to study the resistance, recovery, and resilience of beech trees to drought at a discontinuous level. The radial growth was significantly higher in less-dry plots than dry plots. The increase in drought had reduced tree growth. Frequent climatic drought events resulted in more significant correlations, hence, increased the dependency of tree growth on AWC. We showed that the recovery and resilience to climatic drought were higher in trees in less-dry plots than dry plots, but it was the opposite for resistance. The resistance, recovery, and resilience of the trees were heterogeneous between the events of drought. Mean growth of beech trees (basal area increment) were negatively impacted by neighborhood competition and positively influenced by canopy openness. We emphasized that beech trees growing on soil with low AWC are at higher risk of growth decline. We concluded that changes in soil water conditions even at the microsite level could influence beech trees’ growth in their drought limit under the changing climate. Along with drought, neighborhood competition and lack of light can also reduce beech trees’ growth. This study will enrich the state of knowledge about the ongoing debate on the vulnerability of beech trees to drought in Europe.

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