Species richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi in cutblocks of different sizes in the Interior Cedar-Hemlock forests of northwestern British Columbia: sporocarps and ectomycorrhizae

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1322-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
D M Durall ◽  
Melanie D Jones ◽  
Elaine F Wright ◽  
Paul Kroeger ◽  
K Dave Coates
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Edible Mushroom ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Number Of Species

We investigated the species richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi based on epigeous sporocarps in an Interior Cedar-Hemlock forest in northwestern British Columbia in gap sizes of 49-4526 m2, 3-4 years following harvest. We also determined ectomycorrhizal diversity on Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. and Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. seedlings 2 years after outplanting. Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness, based on epigeous sporocarps, decreased exponentially as gap size increased. There were sporocarps of 15 species along 475 m of transect in gaps larger than 900 m2, which was approximately 13% of the number of species present in neighboring forests (115 species along 300 m of transect). These data have implications for foresters who would be interested in managing forests for both timber and edible mushroom harvesting. Ectomycorrhizal richness on seedlings decreased slightly at increasing distances from the edge of the intact forest. The maximum richness was found at 7 m or less from the forest edge for both tree species. The decrease in richness with distance from the forest was associated with an increase in the proportion of Thelephora mycorrhizae in the samples. The number of types of ectomycorrhizae on root systems and the number of species producing epigeous sporocarps were not correlated. These results confirm the importance of sampling both sporocarps and root tips to achieve an accurate estimate of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community in forest ecosystems.

Palynology and paleoecology of postglacial sediments in an anoxic basin, Saanich Inlet, British Columbia

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda E. Heusser
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Saanich Inlet ◽  
Anoxic Basin

Varved, black clayey silts deposited in the marine waters of Saanich Inlet yield unusually abundant and diverse pollen assemblages derived from the coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forests of southwestern British Columbia. The 12 000 year palynological record chronicles the development of vegetation since ice left Saanich Inlet: the succession of pine (Pinus contorta) and alder (Alnus rubra) woodlands by forests characterized by Douglas-fir and oak (Quercus) and later by western hemlock and red cedar (Thuja plicata). Rapid deposition of annual layers of pollen, charcoal, and other terrigenous particles provides detailed evidence of changes in land use during the past few hundred years: settlement, logging, farming, and urbanization. Vegetational and climatic changes inferred from pollen spectra in the marine sediments of Saanich Inlet compare favorably with changes inferred from correlative pollen assemblages previously described from adjacent parts of Vancouver Island and the Fraser River valley.

Species richness and abundance of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete sporocarps on a moisture gradient in the Tsuga heterophylla zone

2000 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 1699-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E O'Dell ◽  
Joseph F Ammirati ◽  
Edward G Schreiner
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
National Park ◽  
Environmental Gradient ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Olympic National Park ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

Sporocarps of epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungi and vegetation data were collected from eight Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. - Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco stands along a wet to dry gradient in Olympic National Park, Washington, U.S.A. One hundred and fifty species of ectomycorrhizal fungi were collected from a total sample area of 2.08 ha. Over 2 years, fungal species richness ranged from 19 to 67 taxa per stand. Sporocarp standing crop ranged from 0 to 3.8 kg/ha, averaging 0.58 kg/ha, 0.06 kg/ha in spring and 0.97 kg/ha in fall. Sporocarp standing crop and fungal species richness were correlated with precipitation. These results demonstrated that ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarp abundance and species richness can be partly explained in terms of an environmental gradient.

Ectomycorrhizal mushroom distribution by stand age in western hemlock – lodgepole pine forests of northwestern British Columbia

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1527-1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Kranabetter ◽  
J Friesen ◽  
S Gamiet ◽  
P Kroeger
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Commercial Forest

Commercial forest rotations are usually shorter than natural disturbance return intervals, which could affect the distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) species dependent on late-seral stands. We examined this potential reduction in species richness by comparing ectomycorrhizal mushroom communities across four age-classes (pole stage, young, mature, and old growth) of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) – lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) stands on submesic sites in northwestern British Columbia. Almost 130 species of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms were identified over the 12 sites during the 3-year study period. EMF richness was lowest in pole stands and almost twice as high in the older age-classes. Species composition and abundance were related to stand age, with relatively large differences in communities between the ages of 20 and 120 and relatively smaller differences between 120 and 225 years. Twelve species, including the economically important pine mushroom (Tricholoma magnivelare (Peck) Redhead), were late-seral stand dependent, fruiting in forests that are at least older than 85 years. This distribution of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms across stand ages suggests EMF succession is primarily an accumulation of species and is likely affected by differences in dispersal by ectomycorrhizal fungi, soil properties (increased soil acidity and reduced nitrogen availability), and the rate of stand development. The evidence for EMF species limited to late-seral stands supports the maintenance of some mature forests within these landscapes to conserve EMF richness.

Bryophyte community differences between edge and interior environments in temperate rain-forest fragments of coastal British Columbia

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 580-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn K Baldwin ◽  
Gary E Bradfield
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Edge Zone ◽  
Temperate Rain Forest

The species richness, community composition, and abundance of bryophytes within taxonomic and functional groups were examined in relation to habitat conditions in forest edge and interior habitats of nine old-growth temperate rain-forest patches remaining after logging in the Nimpkish River Valley of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Bryophytes were sampled at a fine scale using 0.1 m × 0.3 m microplots to examine responses of species abundance on the forest floor, downed logs, and tree bases and at a coarser scale using 10 m × 2 m belt transects to determine changes in patterns of species richness and distribution. Edge habitats, sampled to a depth of 45 m into the forest fragments, were characterized by greater windthrow disturbance. Within the edge zone, increases in the richness of clearing-affiliated functional groups were associated primarily with the location of windthrown trees and tip-up mounds, rather than with distance from the edge per se. Interior habitats had both greater abundance of old-growth-associated functional groups and total bryophyte cover. The extension of the edge zone to at least 45 m into remnant patches carries implications for minimum patch size requirements in the context of variable-retention logging of coastal temperate rain forests.

Trees are larger on southern slopes in late-seral conifer stands in northwestern British Columbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1349-1356
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Kuyek ◽  
Sean C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Canopy Tree

Mid-latitude forests commonly show increased productivity and ultimately produce larger trees on shaded, northern aspects compared with those on sunny, southern aspects. Little research has been conducted on this phenomenon at higher latitudes where solar radiation is less available. We examined patterns of canopy tree size in a set of 142 naturally regenerated, late-seral conifer stands in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, at latitudes of 54°N–56°N. The height, diameter, and total stem volume of three shade-tolerant conifers (western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), and hybrid spruce (Picea glauca × engelmannii (Moench) Voss)) and shade-intolerant lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) were analyzed. In contrast to most previous studies, mean canopy tree height, diameter, and volume were greatest on southern aspects and lowest on northern aspects for the subset of sites with pronounced slopes (≥30%). There was some variation in patterns among species, with western hemlock responding most strongly to topography, and species-specific effects of topography on height–diameter allometry. We suggest that decreased levels of radiation at northern latitudes and increased light and warmer temperatures on steeper, southern aspects promote growth. In contrast, colder, shaded, northern aspects with increased snow accumulation, delayed snowmelt, and decreased nitrogen mineralization inhibit growth. Our results, together with published data, suggest that a latitudinal shift from higher forest productivity on northern aspects to higher productivity on southern aspects typically occurs between 40°N and 50°N.

scholarly journals British Columbia Vegetation and Climate History with Focus on 6 ka BP

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Hebda
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Quercus Garryana ◽  
Climate History ◽  
The North ◽  
Vegetation And Climate

ABSTRACT British Columbia Holocene vegetation and climate is reconstructed from pollen records. A coastal Pinus contorta paleobiome developed after glacier retreat under cool and probably dry climate. Cool moist forests involving Picea, Abies, Tsuga spp., and Pinus followed until the early Holocene. Pseudotsuga menziesii arrived and spread in the south 10 000-9000 BP, and Picea sitchensis - Tsuga heterophylla forests developed in the north. T. heterophylla increased 7500-7000 BP, and Cupressaceae expanded 5000-4000 BP. Bogs began to develop and expland. Modern vegetation arose 4000-2000 BP. There were early Holocene grass and Artemisia communities at mid-elevations and pine stands at high elevations in southern interior B.C. Forests expanded downslope and lakes formed 8500-7000 BP. Modern forests arose 4500-4000 BP while lower and upper tree lines declined. In northern B.C. non-arboreal communities preceded middle Holocene Picea forests. Abies, Pinus and Picea mariana predominated at various sites after 4000 BP. At 6000 BP Tsuga heterophylla (south) and Picea sitchensis (north) dominated the coast and islands and Quercus garryana and Pseudotsuga on southeast Vancouver Island, but Thuja plicata was infrequent. Southern Interior Plateau vegetation at 6000 BP was more open than today at middle to lower elevations, whereas forests covered the Northern Interior Plateau. Picea forests occurred in northern B.C. Holocene climate phases were: 1) warm dry "xerothermic" ca. 9500-7000 BP, 2) warm moist "mesothermic" ca. 7000-4500 BP, 3) moderate and moist 4500-0 BP, with increasing moisture 8500-6000 BP and cooling (?increased moisture) 4500-3000 BP. B.Cs Hypsithermal had dry and wet stages; 6000 BP occurred in the warm and wet mesothermic stage.

Lachnellula calyciformis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Irish Republic

Abstract A description is provided for Lachnellula calyciformis. This species is generally regarded as a saprobe, with most observations of it as fruitbodies erumpent from bark of dead twigs and small branches. However, L. calyciformis has been associated with damaging cankers on Pinus contorta in Denmark, where in some localities plantations were nearly totally destroyed. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution (Canada (British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec), USA (Arizona, Colorado, California, Idaho, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania), China (Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Shaanxi), Republic of Georgia, Japan, Russia, New Zealand, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, UK, (?)Hungary, Irish Republic, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine) and hosts (Abies spp., Larix spp., Picea spp., Pinus spp., Pseudotsuga spp. and Tsuga heterophylla. Also reported exceptionally on Sorbus).

scholarly journals Postglacial wetland succession, carbon accumulation, and forest dynamics on the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri Lacourse ◽  
Kyle W. Beer ◽  
Kira B. Craig ◽  
Dante Canil
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Poor Fen ◽  
Peatland Development ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ombrotrophic Bog

ABSTRACTPeatland development and carbon accumulation on the Pacific coast of Canada have received little attention in paleoecological studies, despite wetlands being common landscape features. Here, we present a multi–proxy paleoenvironmental study of an ombrotrophic bog in coastal British Columbia. Following decreases in relative sea level, the wetland was isolated from marine waters by 13,300 cal yr BP. Peat composition, non-pollen palynomorph, and C and N analyses demonstrate terrestrialization from an oligotrophic lake to a marsh by 11,600 cal yr BP, followed by development of a poor fen, and then a drier ombrotrophic bog by 8700 cal yr BP. Maximum carbon accumulation occurred during the early Holocene fen stage, when seasonal differences in insolation were amplified. This highlights the importance of seasonality in constraining peatland carbon sequestration by enhancing productivity during summer and reducing decomposition during winter. Pollen analysis shows that Pinus contorta dominated regional forests by 14,000 cal yr BP. Warm and relatively dry summers in the early Holocene allowed Pseudotsuga menziesii to dominate lowland forests 11,200–7000 cal yr BP. Tsuga heterophylla and P. menziesii formed coniferous forest in the mid- and late Holocene. Tephra matching the mid-Holocene Glacier Peak–Dusty Creek assemblage provides evidence of its most northwesterly occurrence to date.

TOXICITY OF SMOKE FROM SPOROPHORES OF THE INDIAN PAINT FUNGUS AND WOOD FROM WESTERN HEMLOCK TO YELLOWFEVER MOSQUITOES

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (12) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115
Author(s):  
W.P.L. Osborn ◽  
J.H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Smoke Water

AbstractTo mitigate the effects of mosquitoes, settlers in the Revelstoke area of British Columbia reportedly burned the sporophores of the Indian paint fungus, Echinodontium tinctorium (Ell. & Ev.) Ell. & Ev., a pathogen of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and true firs, Abies spp. Larval and adult yellowfever mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L.), were exposed to aqueous extracts of smoke (smoke-waters) from E. tinctorium sporophores, and from western hemlock sapwood and heartwood. Smoke-waters were of approximately equal toxicity to larvae. Fungus smoke-water, but not sapwood or heartwood smoke-waters, lost 50% of its potency in 5 months. Vapors from fungus smoke-water were significantly more toxic to adult mosquitoes than those from sapwood or heartwood. Thus smoke from E. tinctorium sporophores and T. heterophylla wood apparently contain different water-soluble combustion products toxic to A. aegypti.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document