Stand level pine response to occupancy of woody shrub and herbaceous vegetation

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 979-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight K Lauer ◽  
Glenn R Glover
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
First Year ◽  
Shrub Cover ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Competing Vegetation ◽  
Dominant Height ◽  
Stand Basal Area

The relationship between age-5 pine height and vegetation cover was estimated for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) stands using regression analysis. This paper utilizes results from four locations of a vegetation control study that included herbicide treatments to control woody shrub and herbaceous vegetation. Age-5 average dominant height was predicted from first-year herbaceous cover, untreated first-year shrub cover, and fifth-year shrub cover. Dominant height increased 0.5 m for each decrease of about 30% in either first year herbaceous cover, untreated first-year shrub cover, or year-5 shrub cover. Lack of vegetation control on beds where vegetation was allowed to recolonize before planting reduced dominant height an additional 0.5 m. A competition index was constructed that estimates the difference between "potential" and actual age-5 pine height. Stand-level models were developed to link age-5 pine height and occupancy of competing vegetation to quadratic mean DBH, specific DBH percentiles, and stand basal area. The effects of interspecific competition on stand basal area and diameter percentiles could be accounted for through the effects of competing vegetation on dominant height except for treatments that did not control woody shrubs.

scholarly journals A Dynamic Stand Growth Model System for Loblolly Pine Responding to Mid-Rotation Treatments

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 556
Author(s):  
Mauricio Zapata-Cuartas ◽  
Bronson P. Bullock ◽  
Cristian R. Montes ◽  
Michael B. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Model System ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Plantation Management ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Dominant Height

Intensive loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation management in the southeastern United States includes mid-rotation silvicultural practices (MRSP) like thinning, fertilization, competitive vegetation control, and their combinations. Consistent and well-designed long-term studies considering interactions of MRSP are required to produce accurate projections and evaluate management decisions. Here we use longitudinal data from the regional Mid-Rotation Treatment study established by the Plantation Management Research Cooperative (PMRC) at the University of Georgia across the southeast U.S. to fit and validate a new dynamic model system rooted in theoretical and biological principles. A Weibull pdf was used as a modifier function coupled with the basal area growth model. The growth model system and error projection functions were estimated simultaneously. The new formulation results in a compatible and consistent growth and yield system and provides temporal responses to treatment. The results indicated that the model projections reproduce the observed behavior of stand characteristics. The model has high predictive accuracy (the cross-validation variance explained was 96.2%, 99.7%, and 98.6%; and the prediction root mean square distance was 0.704 m, 19.1 trees ha−1, and 1.03 m2ha−1 for dominant height (DH), trees per hectare (N), and basal area (BA), respectively), and can be used to project the current stand attributes following combinations of MRSP and with different thinning intensities. Simulations across southern physiographic regions allow us to conclude that the most overall ranking of MRSP after thinning is fertilization + competitive vegetation control (Fert + CVC) > fertilization only (Fert) > competitive vegetation control only (CVC), and Fert + CVC show less than additive effect. Because of the model structure, the response to treatment changes with location, age of application, and dominant height growth as indicators of site quality. Therefore, the proposed model adequately represents regional growth conditions.

scholarly journals Loblolly Pine Outperforms Slash Pine in Southeastern Georgia and Northern Florida

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry D. Shiver ◽  
John W. Rheney ◽  
Kenneth L. Hitch
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Stand Basal Area ◽  
Better Than

Abstract A total of 141 paired plot installations remain of the 160 that were planted with slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly (P. taedaL.) pine across southeastern Georgia and northern Florida, after 14 growing seasons. Installations were evenly distributed across eight soil types. Analyses indicate that loblolly performed equal to or better than slash pine. There were no soil X species interactions. After 14 yr, loblolly pine had significantly higher survival (71% vs. 66%), stand basal area (98 vs. 81 ft2/ac), total stand volume (1857 vs. 1721 ft3/ac), merchantable stand volume (1497 vs. 1310 ft3/ac), total green weight (53 tons vs. 47 tons), and merchantable green weight (45 vs. 35 tons/ac) than slash pine. Growth over the period from age 11 to age 14 was also higher for loblolly than for slash indicating that the difference in the two species is diverging over time. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1): 31-36.

Loblolly pine growth response to herbaceous vegetation control at different planting densities

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 960-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Quicke ◽  
Glenn Glover ◽  
Ralph S Meldahl
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Volume Yield ◽  
Volume Response ◽  
Adjustment Term ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Positive Effect

Growth of Pinus taeda L., with and without control of competing herbaceous vegetation, was evaluated over 15 years at planting densities ranging from 747 to 2990 trees/ha. A height response to vegetation control of 0.9 m at age 5 decreased to 0.3 m at age 15. Convergence in the cumulative height between treated and untreated stands did not translate into converging basal area and volume yield. For 1500 and 2200 trees/ha, volume response to early vegetation control increased to age 15. For 800 trees/ha volume gains increased to age 12 and were stable between ages 12 and 15. Higher densities apparently captured more of the site resources made available through vegetation control. Age-15 volume gains for 2200, 1500, and 800 trees/ha were 71 (23%), 48 (17%), and 19 m3·ha-1 (8%), respectively. A separate adjustment term in height and basal-area models captured the short-term positive effect of vegetation control on height growth and longer term basal-area responses. Previously published height and basal-area models were modified to account for planting-density effects.

scholarly journals Early Pine Response to Control of Herbaceous and Shrub Vegetation in the Flatwoods

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight K. Lauer ◽  
Glenn R. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Shrub Cover ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Long Term Impact

Abstract Herbicide treatments were used at four flatwood locations in north Florida and south Georgia to compare early pine response to control of herbaceous and shrub vegetation following bedding. Treatments consisted of three levels of shrub control (none, first year, repeated) with and without first year herbaceous vegetation control. All studies were located on spodosols planted with either loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) or slash (Pinus elliottii Englem.) pine. Responses due to shrub control were about twice that of herbaceous control with height responses of 2.2, 5.0, and 6.9 ft due to first year herbaceous control, shrub control, and the combination of both herbaceous and shrub control, respectively. Pine response did not differ due to duration of shrub control because the difference in shrub cover between first year and repeated shrub control treatments was minor in these young stands. Pines averaged 18.3 ft in height and 3.2 in. in dbh 5 yr after planting when both herbaceous and shrub vegetation was controlled with these operational-like site preparation treatments that combine bedding with first year herbicide applications. Shrub occupancy was highest on treatments that did not include shrub control and continued to increase through the first 5 yr. Operational site-preparation treatments that combine bedding with herbicide applications should be considered in situations where shrub vegetation is present because of the long-term impact that shrubs have on pine yield. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):201-208.

scholarly journals Vegetation Cover Response and Second-Year Loblolly and Slash Pine Response Following Bedding and Pre- and Post-Plant Herbicide Applications in Florida

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight K. Lauer ◽  
Bruce R. Zutter
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
First Year ◽  
Double Pass ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Woody Shrubs ◽  
Second Year

Abstract Site preparation treatments of early single bed (EB), late single bed (LB), double bed (DB), EB + banded pre-plant herbicide (PP), and EB + broadcast pre-plant herbicide (BPP) were applied to four locations in Florida. Three of the four locations included these treatments crossed with a first-year post-plant herbicide application to control herbaceous vegetation(HC). Second-year pine heights evaluated at two slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.) locations and one loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) location averaged taller (4.6 vs. 3.5 ft) following double-pass (DB, PP, BPP) than single-pass (EB, LB) treatments, taller (4.9 vs. 4.0 ft) for pre-plant herbicide (PP, BPP) than DB, but did not differ between PP and BPP. There were no significant interactions between site preparation and HC with HC, increasing second-year pine height by 0.5 ft. Pine height was greater for pre-plant herbicide treatments than for DB treatments because pre-plant herbicide treatments provided better control of competing vegetation. Vegetation control differed among treatments. DB improved control of woody shrubs over single bedding alone, but increased herbaceous cover in the first growing season. The increase in herbaceous cover following DB accounts for the relatively small gain in second-year pine height (0.2 ft) for DB compared to LB. Pre-plant herbicide treatments following early bedding improved control of both woody shrubs and first-year herbaceous vegetation. Pre-plant herbicide treatments also shifted the composition of herbaceous vegetation towards less competitive species. HC improved control of herbaceous plants, and lowest first-year herbaceous cover was achieved with the combination of HC with pre-plant herbicide treatments. South. J. Appl. For. 25(2):75–83.

scholarly journals Planted Loblolly Pine Survival and Growth Responses to Herbaceous Vegetation Control

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmie L. Yeiser ◽  
Richard A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Over The Top

Abstract Plots in 13 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations established on sandy or sandy-loam soils in SE Oklahoma and SW Arkansas received herbaceous vegetation control using hexazinone and sulfometuron methyl. Treatments consisted of a one-time herbicide application over-the-top of loblolly pine seedlings by one of three methods: spot, band, or broadcast. At the end of 1 and 5 growing seasons, data were collected for survival, height, and diameter growth and compared for seedlings in areas untreated and treated for herbaceous vegetation control. Only data corresponding to herbicide rates and application methods labeled for use today are included in data analysis. When compared with untreated checks, seedlings treated for herbaceous vegetation control exhibited significant increases in first-year survival at 11 sites and in height and groundline diameter (GLD) at 12 of the 13 test sites. At the end of 1 growing season, herbaceous vegetation control provided mean seedling increases of 16.7%, 0.4 ft, and 0.1 in. for survival, height, and GLD, respectively. After 5 growing seasons, advantages from herbaceous vegetation control had increased with significant differences existing in survival, height, and diameter at breast height (dbh) on 10 of 11 test sites, as 2 sites were lost to wildfire. Numerically, treatment differences had increased to 18.4%, 2.4 ft, and 0.6 in. for survival, height, and dbh, respectively. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):53-57.

scholarly journals Twelve-Year Results of a Loblolly Pine Site Preparation Study in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey W. Martin ◽  
Barry D. Shiver
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Stand Basal Area

Abstract A designed experimental study was installed at 25 separate locations in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain regions of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama with the objective of evaluating the effects of different site preparation treatments, both chemical and mechanical, on growth and yield of cutover site-prepared loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. The following six site preparation treatments were included: (1) burn, (2) chop and burn, (3) shear, pile and disk, (4) chop, herbicide and burn, (5) herbicide and burn, and (6) herbicide, burn and complete vegetation control. The herbicide, burn and complete vegetation control treatment significantly increased mean dbh, mean height, stand basal area, and total and merchantable volume compared to all other treatments. The burn-only treatment consistently ranked worst compared to all other treatments. There were significant differences in mean dbh, mean height, stand basal area, and total and merchantable volume between: (1) the herbicide and burn, which is an operational chemical treatment, and (2) the average of the chop and burn treatment and the shear, pile and disk treatment, which are operational mechanical treatments. In all cases the operational chemical treatment performed significantly better than the average of the two operational mechanical treatments. Average 12-yr-old merchantable volumes (ft3/ac) across all locations by treatment were: burn (846), chop and burn (1,445), shear, pile and disk (1,740), chop, herbicide and burn (1,669), herbicide and burn (1,919), and herbicide, burn and complete vegetation control (2,546). There were no apparent trends in percent fusiform infection levels across site preparation treatment intensity levels. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):32–36.

Fertilization of Established Southern Pine Stands: Effects of Single and Split Nitrogen Treatments

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Jokela ◽  
Stephen C. Stearns-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
N Application ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

Abstract Data from six fertilizer trials established in semimature southern pine stands (five slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii; one loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L.) were analyzed to determine the efficacy of single vs. split fertilizer treatments. Both fertilizer treatments supplied an elemental equivalent of 200 lb nitrogen (N)/ac and 50 lb phosphorus (P)/ac; however, the first treatment was delivered as a single dose, and the second treatment was a split N application (i.e., 50 lb N and 50 lb P/ac (initial); 150 lb N/ac (2 yr later). Cumulative responses of fertilized plots were still significantly greater than the controls in five trials after 8 yr and averaged 43% (15.7 ft²/ac) and 39% (607 ft³/ac) for basal area and stand volume growth, respectively. In general, no significant differences in either the magnitude or duration of response were detected between the single and split N fertilizer treatments. This suggests that delaying a portion of the N application for 2 yr will not diminish the level of growth responses attained. Therefore, land managers have flexibility in using either application method when implementing midrotation fertilizer prescriptions. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):135-138.

Early Results from an Old-Field Loblolly Pine Spacing Study in the Georgia Piedmont with Competition Control

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Pienaar ◽  
B. D. Shiver
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Georgia Piedmont

Abstract The study reported here provides information on the yield potential of improved loblolly pine seedlings planted on marginal agricultural cropland in the Georgia Piedmont with control of herbaceous competition. Early growth rates greatly exceed those in existing plantations established on cutover and mechanically site-prepared land in this region without additional control of competing vegetation. After 8 growing seasons, average tree height, average dbh, basal area per acre, and stem volume per acre were all influenced by planting density, but the mean annual increment of merchantable volume (trees 4.0 in. dbh and bigger to a 2.0 in. top diameter) at age 8 yr, for planting densities of 400 to 1000 trees/ac, was 230 ft³, or approximately 3 cords/ac/yr. This is more than twice the average growth rate in this region of cutover and mechanically site-prepared loblolly plantations without additional vegetation control. These results should be of particular interest to prospective participants in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):193-196.

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