Apical mitotic activity and growth in clones of Norway spruce in relation to cold hardiness

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Westin ◽  
Lars-Göran Sundblad ◽  
Martin Strand ◽  
Jan-Erik Hällgren
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Median Interval

Seasonal development of apical mitotic activity and growth in three clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) of the same age and origin but with differences in accumulated height growth and cold hardiness were investigated. The clones showed no consistent difference in mitotic index (MI), either in period or in general levels. The response of MI to temperature differed in spring and fall. Differences in cold hardiness between the clones was not directly coupled to differences in MI. Diameter growth ended earlier in one clone than in the other two clones, and this clone also produced lower numbers of stem units in both lateral and leader shoots. Cessation of diameter growth showed no relation to the duration and level of apical MI. The tallest clone had, as a combined effect of both size and number of stem units, significantly longer leader shoots than the other two clones. The greater leader shoot growth of the tallest clone relative to the other two clones during 1987-1996 was also most prominent after years with sudden drops in fall minimum temperatures to below ca. -12°C (median; interval: -11 to -13°C), following several weeks with mean temperatures above 3°C.

scholarly journals Effect of Cyclic Irrigation on Growth of Magnolias Produced Using Five In-ground Systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-152
Author(s):  
R. C. Beeson ◽  
K. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Irrigation Event ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Ground Systems

Abstract Five in-ground systems were evaluated based on shoot growth and marketability for the production of 2.17 m (7 ft) tall and 5.08 cm (2 in) trunk diameter Magnolia grandiflora cv. ‘Symmes Select’. Systems evaluated were Root Control Bags, Geo-Cell bags, and #25 containers in pot-in-pot in Experiment 1, and Agro-liners in socket pots and directly in-ground in Experiment 2. Each system was either cyclically irrigated or given a single irrigation event daily. In Experiment 1, cyclic irrigation increased the rate of height growth and trunk diameter compared to a single irrigation. Trees in Root Control Bags and pot-in-pot grew at a similar rate and faster than those in Geo-Cell bags. Faster growth rates with cyclic irrigation resulted in earlier marketability compared to single irrigation daily, except for pot-in-pot. In Experiment 2, cyclic irrigation increased the rate of trunk diameter growth, and Agro-liners in pots had greater height and trunk diameter growth rates than those directly in ground. Trees grown in the in-ground pot systems, whether in Agro-liners or black polyethylene containers, grew similarly to trees in Root Control Bags. Trees grown in Geo-cells or Agro-liners in-ground had significantly slower growth than the other treatments.

scholarly journals Testing of microbial additives in the rooting of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) stem cuttings

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Repáč ◽  
J. Vencurik ◽  
M. Balanda
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Alginate Bead ◽  
Block Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Ecm Fungi

&nbsp;Laboratory-produced alginate-bead inoculum of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi Cortinarius sp. and&nbsp;Gomphidius glutinosus, fungal commercial products ECtovit<sup>&reg; </sup>and Trichomil<sup>&reg;</sup>, bacterial commercial product BactoFil&nbsp;B<sup>&reg;</sup>, and commercial rooting stimulator Vetozen<sup>&reg;</sup> were applied to a peat-perlite (1:2, v:v) rooting substrate of Norway spruce stem cuttings collected from 4-year-old nursery-grown seedlings immediately before the insertion of cuttings into the substrate. The application of beads free of fungi and the substrate without an additive were the other treatments. The cuttings were rooted in vessels (60 cuttings per vessel, 180 per treatment) placed in a glasshouse and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The cuttings were estimated for one growing season (approximately for 26 weeks) after their insertion into the rooting substrate. Rooting % of the cuttings ranged from 45 (mycelium-free beads) to 75 (control) according to treatments, 64 on average. No significant differences among treatments were found in % of ECM morphotypes, total ECM colonization of roots (%), and growth parameters of shoots and roots of the cuttings. The applied microbial additives were not sufficiently efficient to form treatment-related ectomycorrhizas that were formed by naturally occurring ECM fungi. Inoculation by the ECM fungus Cortinarius sp. and application of Trichomil had a partial stimulative effect on the shoot growth of cuttings. Shoot and root growth parameters were not significantly correlated with total ECM colonization, except for a negative dependence of the root number in Trichomil treatment. A higher concentration of K but lower concentrations of Ca and Mg in Ectovit treatment than in the other treatments were detected.&nbsp; &nbsp;

Influence of photoperiod and temperature on growth, gas exchange, and cold hardiness of yellow cypress stecklings

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1608-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Puttonen ◽  
J.T. Arnott
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Common Environment ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
H 20

Yellow cypress (Chamaecyparisnootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) stecklings (rooted cuttings) were acclimated for approximately 8 weeks under one of the following photoperiod–temperature treatments: 18 h/10 °C, 18 h/20 °C, 9 h/10 °C, 9 h/20 °C followed by deacclimation in a common environment of 12 h/20 °C for approximately 6 weeks. During acclimation and deacclimation, steckling morphological development, net photosynthesis, transpiration and leaf conductance, and midday shoot water potential were measured. Hardiness was determined by freeze-induced electrolyte leakage. Shoot growth was reduced more by short photoperiods (9 h) than by cool temperature (10 °C) as were net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthetic efficiency. Photoperiod-induced cold hardening of shoots and height growth cessation were reversible in warm temperatures (20 °C) and 12-h days, indicating that hardiness induction treatments had no lasting effects on the growth or cold hardiness of this tree species.

scholarly journals Change of cold hardiness in bare-rooted Norway spruce planting stock during autumn and its effect on survival

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sarvaš
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Planting Stock ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Root Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
First Results ◽  
Frost Stress

The objective of this study was to test a method of measurements of electrolyte leakage for determining an optimal autumn lifting date. The second objective was to obtain information about the effects of different autumn lifting dates on survival of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) plants. A significant difference was found between lifting dates for the values of root electrolyte leakage (REL) from unstressed plants, but without clear tendency. The values of electrolyte leakage from shoots (SEL) were very stable (11&ndash;13%). On the other hand, the electrolyte leakage from roots (REL) decreased in dependence on different lifting date after artificial frost stress. On the first lifting date (end of September) the REL values were 77%. On the last lifting date (8 November) the REL values were 56%. The same tendency was found for SEL values (decrease from 63% at the end of September to 17% on 8 November). Differences were also found in the survival of plants. The plants lifted on earlier dates had nearly 100% mortality, which decreased with later date of lifting. The results of this study showed that cold hardiness of planting stock increased during autumn and was higher for shoots than for roots. The first results showed that it is possible to optimize the autumn lifting date of spruce planting stock by measurements of electrolyte leakage from shoots after artificial frost test. &nbsp; &nbsp;

scholarly journals Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) Growth Response to Partial Hardwood Overstory Release

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus.J. Puettmann ◽  
Mike R. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Initial Size ◽  
Initial Height ◽  
Partial Release

Abstract We measured the response of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) saplings after partial release of a hardwood overstory on three sites in central Minnesota. Both height and diameter growth increased quickly after release compared to prerelease growth. Diameter growth response was related to prerelease diameter growth, but not to initial size of the sapling (diameter at time of release). On the other hand, height growth response was strongly influenced by the initial height of all trees, but not related to prerelease height growth in the largest saplings (initial heights > 8.76 m). Increased release intensity (i.e., difference between prerelease and postrelease overstory densities) resulted in higher diameter and height growth responses. The height/diameter ratios decreased after release, indicating that stability as well as growth increased after the release. North. J. Appl. For. 17(3):89–94.

Impact of tephra deposition on growth in conifers: the year of the eruption

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 731-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Hinckley ◽  
Hiromi Imoto ◽  
Katharine Lee ◽  
Susan Lacker ◽  
Yasushi Morikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Root ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Root Mortality ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Mount St Helens

Seven sites ranging from 15 to 135 km from Mount St. Helens were selected to study the impact of air-fall tephra on the growth of Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes, A. procera Rehd., Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and T. mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. As tephra depth increased, there was a corresponding increase in visible foliar damage and associated decreases in diameter and height growth. Reduction in diameter growth was greater than reduction in height growth. The reduction in diameter growth approached 50% in both trees and saplings of A. amabilis. Growth reduction in true firs was greater than in associated species. This difference was related to their greater capacity for interception and retention of air-fall tephra. Damage to trees, and resulting growth reductions, were due to tephra coverage of both the foliage and the soil. Coverage of the foliage resulted in foliar damage, foliage abscission and reduction of total tree foliar area, and increased fine root mortality. Tephra coverage of the soil had the potential to restrict oxygen diffusion into the soil. However, soil oxygen concentrations less than 10% were measured only once over a 2-year period.

scholarly journals Analysis of Cold-Developed vs. Cold-Acclimated Leaves Reveals Various Strategies of Cold Acclimation of Field Pea Cultivars

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 2964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Husičková ◽  
Jan F. Humplík ◽  
Miroslav Hýbl ◽  
Lukáš Spíchal ◽  
Dušan Lazár
Keyword(s):  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Remote Sensing Technology ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Quenching Analysis ◽  
Shoot Growth Rate ◽  
Whole Plants

Peas (Pisum sativum L.) belong among the world’s oldest domesticated crops, serving as a source of proteins, complex carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Autumn sowing allows a higher biomass production as well as the avoidance of the drought and heat stresses of late spring. However, the character of European continental winters limits plant growth and development through cold stress. This work sought parameters that reflect the cold tolerance of pea plants and consequently to suggest an afila-type pea cultivar with resilience to European continental winters. For this purpose, we employed indoor remote sensing technology and compared the 22-day-long acclimation to 5 °C of four pea cultivars: Arkta, with normal leaves and the known highest cold resistance to European continental winters, and Enduro, Terno and CDC Le Roy, all of the afila type. Besides evaluation of shoot growth rate and quenching analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) by imaging methods, we measured the chlorophyll content and ChlF induction with a nonimaging fluorometer. Here we show that the acclimation to cold of the Arkta exhibits a different pattern than the other cultivars. Arkta showed the fastest retardation of photosynthesis and shoot growth, which might be part of its winter survival strategy. Terno, on the other hand, showed sustained photosynthetic performance and growth, which might be an advantageous strategy for spring. Surprisingly, Enduro showed sustained photosynthesis in the stipules, which transferred and acclimated to 5 °C (cold-acclimated). However, of all the cultivars, Enduro had the strongest inhibition of photosynthesis in new stipules that developed after the transition to cold (cold-developed). We conclude that the parameters of ChlF spatial imaging calculated as averages from whole plants are suboptimal for the characterization of various cold acclimation strategies. The most marked changes were obtained when the new cold-developed leaves were analyzed separately from the rest of the plant.

scholarly journals Phytoremediation as a Prospective Method for Rehabilitation of Areas Contaminated by Long-Term Sewage Sludge Storage: The Greek Experience

2017 ◽  
pp. 836-853
Author(s):  
N. Suchkova ◽  
E. Darakas ◽  
J. Ganoulis ◽  
Y. Vergeles
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Samples

In this work the suitability of several plant species for phytoremediation under natural and artificially installed conditions was studied. Brassica napus, Medicago sativa, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, and Hordeum vulgare were grown in pots with sewage sludge from Sindos Main WWTP in Thessaloniki and from Sindos Industrial WWTP in Thessaloniki, Greece. The first series of experiments included comparing measurements of various parameters for the above mentioned plants and the sludge to those for control samples (the same plants growing in compost). It was shown that shoot growth was less reduced in T. aestivum and H. vulgare than in the other plant species studied. B. napus had lower germination tax, followed by M. sativa with the lowest germination tax. Generally B. napus, giving less biomass production than Z. mays and T. aestivum, is characterised by a higher ability to accumulate heavy metals like Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr, As and Hg. The second series of experiments included comparing measurements of various parameters of B. napus grown in sludge and treated each 7 days with metal solutions of Ni, Zn and Pb containing 10-2mg/l, 10-4mg/l, 10-6mg/l of each metal, to those for control plants treated with double distilled water. Results showed that shoot growth of B. napus were increased at treatments with lower concentrations of metals (10-6 mg/l) and control (treatment with d-distilled water). At the same time uptake of metal ions was increased with the concentration of the solution, i.e. at higher concentrations (10-2 mg/l). It is truly for Pb and Zn, transfer coefficient TC of which (indicates a plant’s potential to concentrate a metal) was quite high 15 % and 7 % correspondingly. It was noticed that B. napus has high ability to accumulate Cr, from the other hand it did not accumulate Ni (at present case).

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