Design-based and model-based inference in survey sampling: appreciating the difference

Model-based ideas in finite-population sampling have received renewed discussion in recent years.Their relationship to the classical ideas in sampling theorydo not appear to be universally well understood by samplers in applied disciplines such as forestry, and ecology more broadly.The two inferential paradigms are constrasted, andexplanations are supplemented with examples of discrete aswell as continuously distributed populations. The treatment of spatial structureis examined, also.