Root-gap dynamics in a lodgepole pine forest: ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fine root activity after experimental gap formation

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1531-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
William FJ. Parsons ◽  
Steven L. Miller ◽  
Dennis H. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Fine Root ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Root Activity ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Gap Size ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Experimental Gaps

Belowground responses to aboveground disturbance were studied in experimental gaps created in a 95-year-old Pinuscontorta ssp. latifolia (Engelm. ex Wats.) Critchfield stand, southeastern Wyoming. We hypothesized that active fine root densities within the canopy gaps would remain comparable with densities in undisturbed forest and would not decline abruptly until a threshold number of trees had been killed, after which the root gap would be recolonized gradually and centripetally. One-, 5-, 15-, and 30-tree clusters were felled to create a series of gaps in the root mat of lodgepole pine forest soil. For 2 years, densities of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root tips were determined by intensive soil coring in the experimental gaps and in a nearby 8-year-old clearcut. Data on fine-root activity were obtained using mesh screens inserted into the soil and incubated for up to 5 years. The results were consistent with the original hypothesis, but no clear threshold gap size was observed for ECM root tips. Densities of active ECM root tips measured along transects through one of the 30-tree gaps decreased quickly within 5–6 m of the forest edge, and did not significantly differ from zero at the center of the gap; in contrast to the 2-year-old gap, active ECM densities were fairly constant across the 8-year-old clearcut. Moreover, root-tip densities declined gradually with increasing gap size, while fine root penetrations of the mesh screens were significantly lower in the 30-tree gaps than in the smaller gaps. During the first 3 years, fine roots intercepting the screens were nonmycorrhizal; at the final removal, root screens that had been incubated for 1837 days in the gaps, including the 30-tree gaps, contained ectomycorrhizal root tips. The root screen removal data suggested that belowground gaps persisted 5 years after initial clear-felling of the 30-tree clusters, but the screens also provided evidence for closure from the edges of these gaps.

scholarly journals Effect of earthworms on mycorrhization, root morphology and biomass of silver fir seedlings inoculated with black summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Unuk Nahberger ◽  
Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci ◽  
Hojka Kraigher ◽  
Tine Grebenc
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Tuber Aestivum ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Parameters

AbstractSpecies of the genus Tuber have gained a lot of attention in recent decades due to their aromatic hypogenous fruitbodies, which can bring high prices on the market. The tendency in truffle production is to infect oak, hazel, beech, etc. in greenhouse conditions. We aimed to show whether silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) can be an appropriate host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, and how earthworms in the inoculation substrate would affect the mycorrhization dynamics. Silver fir seedlings inoculated with Tuber. aestivum were analyzed for root system parameters and mycorrhization, how earthworms affect the bare root system, and if mycorrhization parameters change when earthworms are added to the inoculation substrate. Seedlings were analyzed 6 and 12 months after spore inoculation. Mycorrhization with or without earthworms revealed contrasting effects on fine root biomass and morphology of silver fir seedlings. Only a few of the assessed fine root parameters showed statistically significant response, namely higher fine root biomass and fine root tip density in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 6 months after inoculation, lower fine root tip density when earthworms were added, the specific root tip density increased in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 12 months after inoculation, and general negative effect of earthworm on branching density. Silver fir was confirmed as a suitable host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, with 6% and 35% mycorrhization 6 months after inoculation and between 36% and 55% mycorrhization 12 months after inoculation. The effect of earthworms on mycorrhization of silver fir with Tuber aestivum was positive only after 6 months of mycorrhization, while this effect disappeared and turned insignificantly negative after 12 months due to the secondary effect of grazing on ectomycorrhizal root tips.

Aluminum and calcium in fine root tips of red spruce collected from the forest floor

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1237-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.T. Smith ◽  
W.C. Shortle ◽  
W.D. Ostrofsky
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Plasma Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
Individual Trees

Root chemistry is being increasingly used as a marker of biologically relevant soil chemistry. To evaluate this marker, we determined the precision of measurement, the effect of organic soil horizon, and the effect of stand elevation on the chemistry of fine root tips of red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.). Fine root tips were collected from the F and H horizons of the forest floor of nine locations. Six of the locations were selected as pairs that differed in elevation. The concentrations of Al, Ca, Mg, and Fe in fine root tip collections were determined by direct current plasma emission spectroscopy. Element concentrations were not well correlated between collections made from the F and H layers associated with individual trees. The concentration of Ca was significantly higher and the concentrations of Al and Fe were significantly lower in fine root tips collected from the F than in tips collected from the H horizons. Fine root tips collected from the higher elevation member of paired locations yielded a higher Al:Ca ratio than did those collected from the lower elevation member. These results indicated the need to stratify fine root collections by soil horizon within the forest floor.

Translocation of 14C in ponderosa pine seedlings

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Ziemer
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Root Activity ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Growth State ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Pine Seedlings

The movement of 14C from the old needles to the roots, and later to the new needles, was measured in 2-year-old ponderosa pine seedlings. The seedlings were in one of three growth stages at the time of the feeding of 14CO2: 9 days before spring bud break with no root activity; 7 days before spring bud break with high root activity; and 7 days after spring bud break with moderate root activity. The form of the curves of count rate plotted against time are similar for a given plant part. Immediately after being fed 14CO2, year-old needles had high 14C count rates which dropped rapidly, leveled out within 7 to 10 days, and reached a steady state residual count rate after 10 to 20 days. The decrease in count rate from the old needles was followed by an increase in count rate by the root tip and (or) the new needles. The count rate of the root tips increased from background to a peak within 3 to 7 days, then decreased for the duration of the study. The details and timing of movement of 14C to and from plant parts was a function of the growth state at the time of 14CO2 feeding.

scholarly journals Developmental Dynamics of Meloidogyne hapla in Washington Wine Grapes

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 966-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. East ◽  
Inga A. Zasada ◽  
R. Paul Schreiner ◽  
Michelle M. Moyer
Keyword(s):  
Fine Root ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Start Date ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Juvenile ◽  
Developmental Dynamics ◽  
Specific Timing

Meloidogyne hapla is the most prevalent plant-parasitic nematode in Washington state wine grape vineyards. Understanding the developmental dynamics of M. hapla can improve the timing of diagnostic sampling and nematicide application. Three Vitis vinifera vineyards in Washington were sampled March 2015 to March 2017 to determine the developmental dynamics of M. hapla by measuring second-stage juveniles (J2) in soil, eggs and adult females in roots, and fine root tips. A model of M. hapla J2 development based on soil growing degree days using a base temperature (Tb) of 0°C (GDDsoil) and a start date of 1 March was developed. This model was validated at two additional vineyards in Washington and was robust with R2 values > 0.74. M. hapla has one generation per year and overwinters primarily as the J2 infective stage. Juvenile populations declined after 1 March, reaching their lowest density in early July and reaching a maximum density over the winter. M. hapla egg and root tip densities reached a maximum in early August. The number of females per root tip did not vary throughout the year. A single generation with defined peaks in J2 population densities will allow for specific timing of nematicide interventions.

Histochemical Examination of Invertase Activities in the Growing Tip of the Plant Root

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
N.F. Lunkova ◽  
N.A. Burmistrova ◽  
M.S. Krasavina
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Elongation Zone ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Phloem Unloading ◽  
Meristem Cell ◽  
Transition To Elongation ◽  
Different Tissues

Background:A growing part of the root is one of the most active sinks for sucrose coming from source leaves through the phloem. In the root, sucrose is unloaded from conducting bundles and is distributed among the surrounding cells. To be involved in the metabolism, sucrose should disintegrate into hexoses by means of degrading enzymes.Aims:The aim of this research was to explore the possibility of the involvement of one such enzymes, invertase, in phloem unloading as well as distribution of its activity in the functionally different tissues of the plant root tips.Method:To estimate the enzyme activities in root tissues, we applied two techniques: the histochemical method using nitro blue tetrazolium. The localization of phloem unloading was studied with carboxyfluorescein, a fluorescent marker for symplastic transport.Results:Invertase activity was not detected in the apical part of the meristem. It appeared only between the basal part of this zone and the beginning of the elongation zone. There is the root phloem unloading in that area. Invertase activity increased with increasing the distance from the root tip and reached the highest values in the region of cell transition to elongation and in the elongation zone. The activities of the enzyme varied in different tissues of the same zone and sometimes in the neighboring cells of the same tissue. Biochemical determination of invertase activity was made in the maize root segments coincident to the zones of meristem, cell elongation and differentiation. The results of both methods of determination of invertase activity were in agreement.Conclusion:It was concluded that phloem unloading correlated with invertase activity, possibly because of the activation of invertase by unloaded sucrose. Invertase is one of the factors involved in the processes preparing the cells for their transition to elongation because the concentration of osmotically active hexoses increases after cleavage of sucrose, that stimulates water entry into the cells, which is necessary for elongation growth.

Differences in grapevine rootstock sensitivity and recovery from drought are linked to fine root cortical lacunae and root tip function

2020 ◽  
Vol 229 (1) ◽  
pp. 272-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Italo F. Cuneo ◽  
Felipe Barrios‐Masias ◽  
Thorsten Knipfer ◽  
Jake Uretsky ◽  
Clarissa Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Root ◽  
Root Tip

Long-term responses of ecosystem components to stand thinning in young lodgepole pine forest

2006 ◽  
Vol 228 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 69-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Sullivan ◽  
Druscilla S. Sullivan ◽  
Pontus M.F. Lindgren ◽  
Douglas B. Ransome
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Stand Thinning

scholarly journals Molecular Identification of Ectomycorrhizal Mycelium in Soil Horizons

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renske Landeweert ◽  
Paula Leeflang ◽  
Thom W. Kuyper ◽  
Ellis Hoffland ◽  
Anna Rosling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Identification Techniques

ABSTRACT Molecular identification techniques based on total DNA extraction provide a unique tool for identification of mycelium in soil. Using molecular identification techniques, the ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal community under coniferous vegetation was analyzed. Soil samples were taken at different depths from four horizons of a podzol profile. A basidiomycete-specific primer pair (ITS1F-ITS4B) was used to amplify fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences from total DNA extracts of the soil horizons. Amplified basidiomycete DNA was cloned and sequenced, and a selection of the obtained clones was analyzed phylogenetically. Based on sequence similarity, the fungal clone sequences were sorted into 25 different fungal groups, or operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Out of 25 basidiomycete OTUs, 7 OTUs showed high nucleotide homology (≥99%) with known EM fungal sequences and 16 were found exclusively in the mineral soil. The taxonomic positions of six OTUs remained unclear. OTU sequences were compared to sequences from morphotyped EM root tips collected from the same sites. Of the 25 OTUs, 10 OTUs had ≥98% sequence similarity with these EM root tip sequences. The present study demonstrates the use of molecular techniques to identify EM hyphae in various soil types. This approach differs from the conventional method of EM root tip identification and provides a novel approach to examine EM fungal communities in soil.

Proteomic Analyses of Soybean Root Tips During Germination

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1308-1319
Author(s):  
Setsuko Komatsu ◽  
Myeong W. Oh ◽  
Hee Y. Jang ◽  
Soo J. Kwon ◽  
Hye R. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
2D Gel ◽  
Proteomic Techniques

Plant root systems form complex networks with the surrounding soil environment and are controlled by both internal and external factors. To better understand the function of root tips of soybean during germination, three proteomic techniques were used to analyze the protein profiles of root tip cells. Proteins were extracted from the root tips of 4-dayold soybean seedlings and analyzed using two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis-based proteomics, SDS-gel based proteomics, and gel-free proteomics techniques. A total of 121, 862, and 341 proteins were identified in root tips using the 2D gel-based, SDS gel-based, and gel-free proteomic techniques, respectively. The proteins identified by 2D gel-based proteomic analysis were predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, whereas nuclear-localized proteins were most commonly identified by the SDS gel-based and gel-free proteomics techniques. Of the 862 proteins identified in the SDS gelbased proteomic analysis, 190 were protein synthesis-related proteins. Furthermore, 24 proteins identified using the 2Dgel based proteomic technique shifted between acidic and basic isoelectric points, and 2 proteins, heat shock protein 70.2 and AAA-type ATPase, displayed two different molecular weights at the same isoelectric point. Taken together, these results suggest that a number of proteins related to protein synthesis and modification are activated in the root tips of soybean seedlings during germination.

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