Interior spruce seedlings compared with emblings produced from somatic embryogenesis. II. Stock quality assessment prior to field planting

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1385-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Grossnickle ◽  
J.E. Major
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Performance Potential ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Turgor Loss Point ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Stock Quality

Interior spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss × Piceaengelmannii Parry) seedlings and emblings produced through somatic embryogenesis tissue culture were removed from frozen storage and tested with a stock quality assessment procedure prior to spring planting. Seedlings, compared with emblings, had greater height as well as shoot and root dry weights. Seedlings and emblings had similar root-collar diameter, buds per total shoot length, and needle primordia in their terminal buds. Seedlings and emblings had similar shoot form (i.e., branch quotient) and balance between their shoot and root system (i.e., plant water balance ratio). Emblings, compared with seedlings, had a lower osmotic potential at turgor loss point and symplastic fraction, plus a higher dry weight fraction and total turgor. Seedlings and emblings had similar osmotic potential at saturation and relative water content at turgor loss point. Seedlings and emblings had similar resistance to water movement through the plant–atmosphere continuum (Rpac) at 22 °C root temperature, though emblings had greater Rpac at 7.5 °C root temperature. Seedlings had greater net photosynthesis (Pn) than emblings over a 14-day period at both 7.5 and 22 °C root temperatures. Seedlings, compared with emblings, had greater root development over a 14-day period at 22 °C root temperature, though they had low and similar root development at 7.5 °C root temperature. Both Pn and needle conductance (gwv) decreased as predawn shoot water potential (Ψpd) declined in seedlings and emblings. Nearly complete stomatal closure occurred at Ψpd less than −1.5 MPa, while similarly low Pn readings (seedlings: −0.01 ± 0.04 μmol•m−2•s−1; emblings: 0.02 + 0.04 μmol•m−2•s−1) occurred between a Ψpd of −1.0 and −2.0 MPa. A performance potential index (PPI), which combines material and performance attributes in a comprehensive characterization of field performance potential, indicated that seedlings had a better PPI under optimum environmental conditions. However, seedlings and emblings had similar PPI under low temperature and drought conditions.

scholarly journals Stock Quality Assessment of a Somatic Interior Spruce Seedlot

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Grossnickle ◽  
Raymund Folk
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Stock Quality ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Assessment Performance

Abstract Somatic embryogenesis is a form of vegetative propagation that uses tissue culture procedures to rapidly multiply elite genotypes of a selected tree species. Somatic embryogenesis technology still is considered novel by the forest industry for use within forest regeneration programs. In this article, a stock quality testing approach was used to compare a somatic seedlot to comparable zygotic seedlots. The somatic seedlot was comprised of interior spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm.) crosses (PG × PG), white spruce (P. glauca (Moench) Voss) crosses (ENA × ENA), or a mixture thereof (PG × ENA or ENA × PG). This somatic seedlot was compared to zygotic orchard-collected seedlots that shared partial parentage with the somatic seedlot. Seedlings produced from all seedlots were container-grown under standard nursery cultural procedures. Height and rootcollar diameter were measured on all seedlots. Shoot growth potential (i.e., length of new leader elongation) and root growth capacity were measured under controlled environment conditions. Mean height and diameter of the somatic and zygotic seedlots fell within a similar range that met operational grading criteria for a plantable seedling. The somatic and zygotic seedlots also had similar shoot and root growth capability. Comparable stock quality assessment performance between the somatic and zygotic seedlots indicated that somatic embryogenesis is a viable vegetative propagation technology for producing seedlings suitable for reforestation programs. North. J. Appl. For. 22(3):197–202.

Changes in shoot water relations parameters of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) in response to environmental conditions

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Grossnickle ◽  
John H. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Water Relation ◽  
Elastic Component ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Turgor Loss Point ◽  
Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis

Yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) shoot water relations parameters were measured in response to (i) seasonal changes in photoperiod and temperature and (ii) controlled changes in root temperature and soil moisture. Pressure–volume curves determined measurements of shoot water relation parameters. Osmotic potential at saturation (Ψsat) and turgor loss point (Ψtlp) were lowest during February at −1.73 and −2.35 MPa, respectively. Both Ψsat and Ψtlp increased in the spring to a high in July of −1.05 and −1.28 MPa, respectively, when shoot growth was occurring. Total turgor (ΨPTotal) was 18.2 MPa in December and declined to its lowest level of 5.98 MPa in July. Increased ΨPTotal from late summer through winter could be attributed to osmotic and (or) elastic components, while decreased ΨPTotal in the spring was due to a decrease in both osmotic and elastic components. Both Ψsat and Ψtlp decreased as root temperatures were reduced from 22 to 1 °C. There was an increase in ΨPTotal as root temperatures declined from 15 to 8 °C because of both osmotic and elastic adjustment, with osmotic adjustment the primary factor. Turgor decreased at root temperatures below 8 °C, even though osmotic adjustment was occurring, and this was due to a reduction in the elastic component. Both Ψsat and Ψtlp decreased in response to drought, though Ψtlp decreased at a greater rate. Increased turgor during the initial stages of long-term drought results from an increase in both osmotic and elastic components, while increased turgor was solely due to the osmotic component as drought became more severe. Under rapid drought, turgor adjustment was minimal because the increased osmotic component was offset by a decrease in the elastic component. Results from these experiments indicate that turgor maintenance of yellow-cedar occurs through the use of both osmotic and elastic components in varying degrees at different times of the year and under differing environmental conditions. Keywords: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, osmotic potential at saturation and turgor loss point, total turgor with osmotic and elastic components, seasonal patterns, root temperature, drought.

Influence of dormancy induction treatments on western hemlock seedlings. I. Seedling development and stock quality assessment

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Grossnickle ◽  
J. T. Arnott ◽  
J. E. Major ◽  
T. J. Tschaplinski
Keyword(s):  
Water Movement ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Turgor Loss Point ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Osmotic Potentials ◽  
Dormancy Induction ◽  
Needle Primordia

Western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings were grown in a greenhouse and subjected to four dormancy induction treatments (DIT) (i.e., long-day dry, long-day wet, short-day dry, and short-day wet) during midsummer. In the late summer and fall, seedling development was monitored and it was found that (1) short-day DIT caused a rapid cessation of shoot growth; (2) short-day DIT caused rapid fall development of needle primordia, while long-day DIT took until midwinter to produce the same number of needle primordia; and (3) short-day DIT seedlings had lower saturated and turgor loss point osmotic potentials and greater maximum modulus of elasticity in October than long-day DIT. Seedlings were tested with a comprehensive stock quality assessment procedure just before late winter field planting. These tests showed the following: (1) morphological parameters: short-day DIT reduced shoot to root ratios; (2) pressure–volume analysis: short-day wet seedlings had the lowest osmotic potentials at saturation and turgor loss point; (3) soluble sugar analysis: greater levels of total soluble sugars were found in non water stressed DIT compared with water stressed DIT seedlings; (4) seedling water movement: short-day DIT seedlings had the lowest resistance to water movement at low root temperature (5 °C); (5) low root temperature response: short-day compared with long-day DIT seedlings had greater photosynthesis and stomatal conductance at low root temperatures; (6) root growth capacity: seedlings from all DIT were capable of growing roots at optimum root temperature (22 °C), but short-day compared with long-day DIT had greater root growth at low root temperatures; (7) drought stress response: short-day wet seedlings had the highest photosynthesis and stomatal conductance levels as predawn shoot water potentials decreased; and (8) frost hardiness: short-day wet seedlings had the least needle damage when tested at temperatures of −15 and −18 °C.

Water relations characteristics of Alnusrubra and Populustrichocarpa: responses to field drought

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1159-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Pezeshki ◽  
T. M. Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Water Potentials

Water relations of red alder (AlnusrubraBong.) and black cottonwood (populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray) were studied in the field during the 1980, 1981, and 1982 growing seasons. Stomatal closure in response to drought was noted in both species; however, the following major differences were noted between the 1980 observations and those of 1981 and 1982; (i) stomatal conductance was greater in black cottonwood than in red alder, whereas the reverse was noted in 1980, and (ii) even though 1981 and 1982 were warmer and drier than 1980, corresponding changes in predawn and minimum leaf water potentials were not observed. These differences were attributed to greater root development, particularly in black cottonwood, in the second (1981) and third (1982) years following establishment (1980) of these species. Leaf age and drought exposure were observed to influence osmotic potentials in both species. Values of the osmotic potential at saturation varied from −0.80 to −1.03 MPa in newly mature leaves of red alder and from −1.00 to −1.26 MPa in similarly aged leaves of black cottonwood. Values in mature leaves ranged from −0.84 to −1.27 MPa in red alder and from −1.37 to −1.75 MPa in black cottonwood. There appeared to be a continued decrease in osmotic potential in both species throughout the growing season, a response associated with leaf development and drought exposure. Throughout the study, significantly lower values of osmotic potential at saturation and at the turgor loss point were found in black cottonwood than in red alder. Consequently, black cottonwood had a potential adaptive advantage in comparison with red alder. Leaf shedding in response to drought was noted mainly in red alder. Generally, both of these riparian species exhibited slight to moderate capabilities of surviving exposure to low leaf water potentials and moderate to excellent capabilities of stomatal closure under conditions potentially leading to low water potentials. The role played by root development in the differences observed among the years and between black cottonwood and red alder is discussed.

Water-stress tolerance and late-season organic solute accumulation in hybrid poplar

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1681-1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Tschaplinski ◽  
T. J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Turgor Loss Point ◽  
Water Stress Tolerance ◽  
Organic Solute ◽  
The Relationship

Organic solute concentrations of five hybrid poplar cultivars were compared to determine the relationship between water-stress tolerance, tissue solute concentration, and growth rate under field conditions. In the expanding foliage of the faster growing Populus deltoides Bartr. × P. balsamifera L. (Jackii 4), the saturated osmotic potential and turgor loss point osmotic potential were 0.18 MPa and 0.47 MPa lower, respectively, than in the slower growing P. deltoides × P. balsamifera (Jackii 7). The expanding foliage of Jackii 4 had higher (ca. 50%) concentrations of organic solutes, attributable mainly to salicyl alcohol, salicin, sucrose, and an unidentified compound. The coupling of high productivity and stress tolerance in Jackii 4 suggests that these may be compatible rather than competing attributes. Water-stress studies on P. deltoides Bartr. × P. nigra L. (DN 22) under greenhouse conditions demonstrated that stressed trees accumulated 4 times the soluble sugar concentrations of well-watered trees, lowering the saturated osmotic potential by 0.55 MPa and turgor loss point osmotic potential by 1.0 MPa. Leaves were the primary site of osmotic adjustment to water stress and roots showed no adjustment. The use of repeated drying cycles in planting stock may aid survival of postplanting stress in species capable of osmotic adjustment. The relationship between stress tolerance and solute concentrations in the greenhouse water-stress study paralleled that of the field study.

Propagation of interior spruce by somatic embryogenesis

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1759-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Webster ◽  
D. R. Roberts ◽  
S. M. McInnis ◽  
B. C. S. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Final Height ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
General Production

To apply somatic embryogenesis to clonal propagation of forest species, the technique must be applicable to a broad range of genotypes and allow efficient regeneration of phenotypically normal plants. Seventy-one lines (genotypes) of embryogenic cultures from six open-pollinated families were obtained by culturing immature embryos of interior spruce. Interior spruce represents a mixture of two closely related species, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss and Piceaengelmannii Parry, from the interior of British Columbia where they hydridize with one another. The abscisic acid dependent developmental profile (the proportion of rooty embryos, shooty embryos, precociously germinating embryos, and mature embryos over a range of abscisic acid concentrations) differed among genotypes, but in general, production of mature somatic embryos was highest at 40 and 60 μM abscisic acid. Treatment of mature embryos with a high relative humidity treatment resulted in partial drying of the embryos and upon rehydration, markedly enhanced germination of the eight genotypes tested. Within 1 week of being placed under germination conditions, somatic embryos treated with the high relative humidity treatment showed 80–100% germination for 12 of the genotypes, and most genotypes had germination rates of greater than 40%. Survival of "emblings" (germinants from somatic embryos) following transfer to soil, acclimatization, and first season's growth in the nursery was 80% or greater for most genotypes. Over 1200 emblings were tested for nursery performance, representing the first large-scale evaluation of conifer somatic embryos under exvitro conditions. Growth rates, final height, shoot and root morphology, and frost hardiness were similar for emblings and seedlings following the first growing season. These results indicate that somatic embryogenesis can be used for the production of planting stock for a range of interior spruce genotypes.

Performance of interior spruce seedlings treated with abscisic acid analogs

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2061-2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Grossnickle ◽  
Raymund S. Folk ◽  
Suzanne R. Abrams ◽  
David I. Dunstan ◽  
Patricia A. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Aba Analogs

This research examined the performance of interior spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss × Piceaengelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) seedlings, each group treated with one of nine abscisic acid (ABA) analogs, during the initial stages of seedling establishment under a range of environmental conditions. Interior spruce seedlings were removed from frozen storage, ABA analog treatments were immediately applied, and seedlings were tested under low root temperature or moderate drought cycle conditions. Alternatively, seedlings were removed from frozen storage and held until bud break had occurred before ABA analog treatments were applied. These seedlings were then tested under severe drought or optimum environmental conditions. ABA analog 1, followed by ABA analog 2, had the most consistent performance of the nine tested ABA analogs under all combinations of environmental test conditions. These ABA analogs reduced needle conductance for 7–9 days when seedlings were tested under low root temperature conditions with only a reduction in net photosynthesis on the first day of testing. During three successive moderate drought cycles, seedlings treated with ABA analogs 1 and 2 had partial stomatal closure, thereby increasing mean shoot water potential by around 50%. During a severe drought, ABA analog 1 caused partial stomatal closure, which allowed seedlings to maintain a mean shoot water potential of greater than −3.0 MPa and a positive net photosynthesis up to 8 days longer than control seedlings. Under optimum environmental conditions, ABA analogs 1 and 2 reduced needle conductance for up to 7 days, with net photosynthesis reduced for 1 day. Root growth was not adversely affected in seedlings treated with any of the ABA analogs prior to bud break. However, when seedlings were treated after bud break, all ABA analogs reduced growth of long roots (>4.0 cm) by approximately 60%. ABA analogs 1 and 2 delayed bud break by 4 days, when compared with control seedlings. Results are discussed in reference to the establishment process of spruce seedlings on reforestation sites.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document