Amount and vertical distribution of foliage of young loblolly pine trees as affected by canopy position and silvicultural treatment

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1337-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Gillespie ◽  
H. Lee Allen ◽  
James M. Vose
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Silvicultural Treatment ◽  
Canopy Position ◽  
Individual Branch ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Whole Tree ◽  
Tree Foliage ◽  
Crown Size

Silvicultural practices such as thinning and fertilization can affect both canopy foliage quantity and distribution, altering stand growth. The objectives of this research were to quantify the effects of tree size and silvicultural treatment on the vertical distribution of foliage of individual trees of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) and to estimate foliage quantity and distribution using easily measured tree data. In three stands sampled in North and South Carolina, fertilization and (or) thinning treatments had been applied 2 years prior to sampling. A fourth stand was untreated. Nonlinear and linear regression models were developed to test the effects of silvicultural treatment on individual branch foliage biomass and whole tree foliage biomass. Vertical distributions of foliage and branches were modelled using a Weibull probability density function. Analyses indicated that individual branch foliage biomass was positively related to branch size but negatively related to distance from the top of the tree. Fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus, or thinning, increased the foliage biomass carried by a given sized branch. Silvicultural treatment effects on individual branches translated into whole-tree foliage biomass with thinning and fertilization increasing the crown size of individual trees. Though treatment affected crown size, the distribution of foliage (and branches) remained unaffected. Because silvicultural treatments change the size of crowns for trees of given dimensions, any estimation of loblolly pine crown biomass must be site and treatment specific.

scholarly journals Predicting Adaptive Genetic Variation of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Populations Under Projected Future Climates Based on Multivariate Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (7) ◽  
pp. 857-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Lu ◽  
Konstantin V Krutovsky ◽  
Carol A Loopstra
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Adaptive Genetic Variation ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Bioclimatic Variables

Abstract Greenhouse gas emission and global warming are likely to cause rapid climate change within the natural range of loblolly pine over the next few decades, thus bringing uncertainty to their adaptation to the environment. Here, we studied adaptive genetic variation of loblolly pine and correlated genetic variation with bioclimatic variables using multivariate modeling methods—Redundancy Analysis, Generalized Dissimilarity Modeling, and Gradient Forests. Studied trees (N = 299) were originally sampled from their native range across eight states on the east side of the Mississippi River. Genetic variation was calculated using a total of 44,317 single-nucleotide polymorphisms acquired by exome target sequencing. The fitted models were used to predict the adaptive genetic variation on a large spatial and temporal scale. We observed east-to-west spatial genetic variation across the range, which presented evidence of isolation by distance. Different key factors drive adaptation of loblolly pine from different geographical regions. Trees residing near the northeastern edge of the range, spanning across Delaware and Maryland and mountainous areas of  Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and northern Georgia, were identified to be most likely impacted by climate change based on the large difference in genetic composition under current and future climate conditions. This study provides new perspectives on adaptive genetic variation of loblolly pine in response to different climate scenarios, and the results can be used to target particular populations while developing adaptive forest management guidelines.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Likelihood of Tree Failure in Naples, Florida (United States) Following Hurricane Irma

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
Ryan W. Klein ◽  
Andrew K. Koeser ◽  
Brian Kane ◽  
Shawn M. Landry ◽  
Heather Shields ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Damage Category ◽  
Residential Landscapes ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Degree Of Damage ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Whole Tree ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Hurricane Irma

Trees in residential landscapes provide many benefits, but can injure persons and damage property when they fail. In hurricane-prone regions like Florida, USA, the regular occurrence of hurricanes has provided an opportunity to assess factors that influence the likelihood of wind-induced tree failure and develop species failure profiles. We assessed open-grown trees in Naples, Florida, following the passage of Hurricane Irma in September 2017 to determine the effect of relevant factors on the degree of damage sustained by individual trees. Of 4034 assessed individuals (n = 15 species), 74% sustained no damage, 4% sustained only minor damage (i.e., minimal corrective pruning needed), 6% sustained significant damage (i.e., major corrective pruning needed), and 15% were whole-tree failures (i.e., overturned trees or trees requiring removal). The proportion of individuals in each damage category varied among species, stem diameter at 1.4 m above ground, and the presence of utility lines, which was a proxy for maintenance. We compared our results with the findings of seven previous hurricanes in the region to explore species’ resilience in hurricanes.

scholarly journals Carbonyl sulfide exchange in a temperate loblolly pine forest grown under ambient and elevated CO<sub>2</sub>

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 547-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. White ◽  
Y. Zhou ◽  
R. S. Russo ◽  
H. Mao ◽  
R. Talbot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Carbonyl Sulfide ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Canopy Position

Abstract. Vegetation, soil and ecosystem level carbonyl sulfide (COS) exchange was observed at Duke Forest, a temperate loblolly pine forest, grown under ambient (Ring 1, R1) and elevated (Ring 2, R2) CO2. During calm meteorological conditions, ambient COS mixing ratios at the top of the forest canopy followed a distinct diurnal pattern in both CO2 growth regimes, with maximum COS mixing ratios during the day (R1=380±4 pptv and R2=373±3 pptv, daytime mean ± standard error) and minimums at night (R1=340±6 pptv and R2=346±5 pptv, nighttime mean ± standard error) reflecting a significant nighttime sink. Nocturnal vegetative uptake (−11 to −21 pmol m−2s−1, negative values indicate uptake from the atmosphere) dominated nighttime net ecosystem COS flux estimates (−10 to −30 pmol m−2s−1) in both CO2 regimes. In comparison, soil uptake (−0.8 to −1.7 pmol m−2 s−1) was a minor component of net ecosystem COS flux. In both CO2 regimes, loblolly pine trees exhibited substantial COS consumption overnight (50% of daytime rates) that was independent of CO2 assimilation. This suggests current estimates of the global vegetative COS sink, which assume that COS and CO2 are consumed simultaneously, may need to be reevaluated. Ambient COS mixing ratios, species specific diurnal patterns of stomatal conductance, temperature and canopy position were the major factors influencing the vegetative COS flux at the branch level. While variability in branch level vegetative COS consumption measurements in ambient and enhanced CO2 environments could not be attributed to CO2 enrichment effects, estimates of net ecosystem COS flux based on ambient canopy mixing ratio measurements suggest less nighttime uptake of COS in R2, the CO2 enriched environment.

Assessment of the Pulpwood Quality of Standing Trees Using near Infrared Spectroscopy

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (A) ◽  
pp. A117-A123 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Schimleck ◽  
A. J. Michell ◽  
C. A. Raymond ◽  
A. Muneri
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Sampling Height ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Whole Tree

In Australia, considerable effort has been directed at improving the pulp yield of plantation grown trees through tree breeding programs. However, an improvement in pulp yield relies on the assessment of large numbers of trees. Traditional methods of assessment are expensive, time consuming and destructive, inhibiting their use. Cores can be extracted non-destructively from standing trees using TRECOR, a handheld motor driven drill. The cores are milled, their near-infrared spectra obtained and pulp yield estimated using an appropriate calibration model. The height at which the core is taken is very important. It must represent the whole tree and sampling must be easy and practical. The longitudinal and radial (within-tree) variation of pulp yield for 15 Eucalyptus nitens trees was examined using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The trees were taken from three families (five trees per family) selected for giving high, medium and low pulp yields respectively. Three trees (one from each family) were examined in detail. Maps of within-tree variation of pulp yield were developed. Pulp yield was found to be highly variable within individual trees and between trees of the same family. The yield of samples from 10% of tree height (approximately 2.2 m) gave the best correlation with whole-tree yield. Samples from 5% of tree height (approximately 1.1 m) gave a slightly lower correlation but provided a more convenient sampling height. Ten Eucalyptus globulus and ten E. nitens trees growing on five sites in Australia were used to examine the longitudinal variation of pulp yield. Trees from sites in Tasmania, Western Australia and Victoria were sampled. The optimal sampling height for E. globulus was 1.1 m. No single sampling height could be recommended for E. nitens due to large site effects.

Loblolly Pine Seed Sources Differ in Susceptibility to the Southern Pine Beetle in South Carolina

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Powers ◽  
R. P. Belanger ◽  
W. D. Pepper ◽  
F. L. Hastings
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Stand Characteristics

Abstract In a planting near Aiken, SC, loblolly pine saplings from an eastern seed source were significantly more susceptible to the southern pine beetle (SPB) than were loblolly saplings from western seed sources. Two eastern sources of slash pine also resisted beetle attack. Study plots wereoriginally established to evaluate disease resistance and growth of fusiform rust resistant and susceptible seed lots. There was no relationship between stand characteristics or rust infection patterns and SPB damage. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):169-174

scholarly journals Whole-Tree Bark and Wood Properties of Loblolly Pine from Intensively Managed Plantations

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finto Antony ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Richard F. Daniels ◽  
Alexander Clark ◽  
Bruce E. Borders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Whole Tree

scholarly journals Impacts of Vegetation Control, Genetic Improvement and their Interaction on Loblolly Pine Growth in the Southern United States—Age 12 Results

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey W. Martin ◽  
Barry D. Shiver
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Competition Control

Abstract A designed study was established in the Coastal Plain of Georgia and northern Florida, and in the Piedmont of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama with the objectives of evaluating the impacts of first-generation genetic improvement and of combining genetic improvement and vegetation control on yields of loblolly pine. The two levels of competition control were either none, other than that provided by the operational mechanical site preparation, or complete competition control. Genetic treatments consisted of unimproved seed stock, bulk lot first-generation improved stock or single family first-generation improved stock. In terms of total volume, increases up to 45% (882 ft3/ac) and 39% (863 ft3/ac) were obtained from using complete vegetation control in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions, respectively. Improved genetic stock increased total volume an average of 11% (246 ft3/ac) to 16% (364 ft3/ac) in the Coastal Plain and 12% (277 ft3/ac) to 19% (445 ft3/ac) in the Piedmont for bulk lot and single families, respectively. For total volume, the effects of competition control and genetics were additive, indicating the managers should obtain the full benefit of these two treatments. In both regions, improved genetics significantly reduced the percent fusiform infection. In addition, no statistically significant differences were detected between bulk lot and single family plantings across all dependent variables. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):37–42.

Analysis of a Virginia Pine Seed Source Trial in the Interior South

1980 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-156
Author(s):  
John Talbert ◽  
Gordon White ◽  
Charles Webb
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
South Central ◽  
Stem Straightness ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Better Than

Abstract In a comparison of three diverse seed sources of improved Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) planted at two locations in north Alabama and south-central Tennessee, only stem straightness differences were statistically significant at six years of age. Families and seed sources tended to maintain the same ranking relative to each other at both locations. A majority of families performed significantly better than a Virginia pine commercial check lot, indicating substantial improvement in growth and straightness characteristics in one generation of selection. Two improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed orchard mixes from the South Carolina Piedmont showed a 27-percent height advantage over the Virginia pine at age 6.

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