Water transfer in a mature oak stand (Quercuspetraea): seasonal evolution and effects of a severe drought

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1136-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Bréda ◽  
H. Cochard ◽  
E. Dreyer ◽  
A. Granier
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The reactions of sessile oak (Quercuspetraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.) to drought were studied under natural conditions in a 32-year-old stand near Nancy (northeastern France) during the summers of 1989 (strongly rain deficient) and 1990. A plot of five trees was subjected to imposed water shortage, while a group of irrigated trees was used as a control. Measurements of xylem sap flows and water potential enabled the computation of plot transpiration, canopy conductance, and specific hydraulic conductance in the soil–tree continuum. Stomatal conductance was measured directly with a porometer. Specific hydraulic conductance of our oaks was of the same order of magnitude as that reported for other species. It decreased significantly during spring because of a time lag between cambial growth and leaf area expansion. Measured transpiration was close to potential evapotranspiration, except during days with high vapor pressure deficits, which promoted stomatal closure in the absence of soil water deficits. Imposed drought caused predawn leaf water potentials to reach values as low as −2.0 MPa and a progressive decline in hydraulic conductance, which was probably attributable to modifications in hydraulic properties at the soil–root interface. This gradual decline in conductance was attributed to their deep rooting (1.40 m). This study revealed that Q. petraea may be considered as drought tolerant because of adaptations like deep rooting, efficient and safe xylem sap transport, maintenance of significant stomatal conductance, and significant transpiration, even during strong drought stress.

Ion-mediated compensation for drought-induced loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity in field-growing plants of Laurus nobilis

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizia Trifilò ◽  
Andrea Nardini ◽  
Fabio Raimondo ◽  
Maria A. Lo Gullo ◽  
Sebastiano Salleo
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Xylem Cavitation ◽  
Laurus Nobilis ◽  
Mild Drought

Xylem cavitation is a common occurrence in drought-stressed plants. Cavitation-induced embolism reduces xylem hydraulic conductivity (kxylem) and may lead to stomatal closure and reduction of photosynthetic rates. Recent studies have suggested that plants may compensate for kxylem loss through ion-mediated enhancement of the residual water transport capacity of functioning conduits. To test this hypothesis, field-grown laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) plants were subjected to mild drought stress by suspending irrigation. Drought treatment induced a significant increase in xylem embolism compared with control (well watered) plants. Xylem sap potassium concentration ([K+]) increased during the day both in control and water stressed plants. Midday values of sap [K+] were significantly higher in water stressed plants. The recorded increase in sap potassium concentration induced significant enhancement of residual kxylem when solutions with different [K+] were perfused through excised stems sampled in the field and measured in the laboratory. In planta measurements of stem hydraulic conductance revealed no change between water stressed plants and controls. Our data suggest that ion-mediated enhancement of residual kxylem buffered the actual loss of hydraulic conductance suffered by plants during the warmest hours of the day as well as under mild drought stress conditions.

Root Signals Mediate Coordination of Stomatal and Hydraulic Conductance in Growing Sugarcane

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
FC Meinzer ◽  
DA Grantz ◽  
B Smit
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Donor Plant ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Stomatal Complexes

Root hydraulic conductance and total stomatal conductance on a per plant basis changed in parallel during growth of sugarcane. Changes in root system water and solute transport properties were evaluated to determine the role of changes in root xylem sap composition in this coordination of vapour and liquid phase conductances. Stomatal conductance of excised leaf strips supplied with root exudate declined with increasing leaf area of the exudate donor plants. Leaf strips from plants of different sizes responded similarly to exudate from each donor plant, indicating that there were no inherent differences in leaf stomatal properties. The effect of xylem sap from plants of increasing size paralleled the decline in stomatal conductance of intact plants of similarly increasing plant size. Delivery rates per unit leaf area of K+, Ca2+, abscisic acid, and zeatin riboside (ZR) in xylem sap declined with increasing plant size. Patterns of delivery of ZR and K+ were consistent with a role in the plant size-dependent regulation of stomatal conductance, although additional xylem constituents are likely to be involved. Developmental patterns of stomatal conductance in intact sugarcane plants may be linked to plant hydraulic properties by the composition and flux of xylem sap arriving at the stomatal complexes in leaves.

scholarly journals A Canopy Transpiration Model Based on Scaling Up Stomatal Conductance and Radiation Interception as Affected by Leaf Area Index

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahinur Alam ◽  
David William Lamb ◽  
Nigel W. M. Warwick
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Radiation Energy ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Individual Layer ◽  
Area Index

Estimating transpiration as an individual component of canopy evapotranspiration using a theoretical approach is extremely useful as it eliminates the complexity involved in partitioning evapotranspiration. A model to predict transpiration based on radiation intercepted at various levels of canopy leaf area index (LAI) was developed in a controlled environment using a pasture species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea var. Demeter). The canopy was assumed to be a composite of two indistinct layers defined as sunlit and shaded; the proportion of which was calculated by utilizing a weighted model (W model). The radiation energy utilized by each layer was calculated from the PAR at the top of the canopy and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) corresponding to the LAI of the sunlit and shaded layers. A relationship between LAI and fAPAR was also established for this specific canopy to aid the calculation of energy interception. Canopy conductance was estimated from scaling up of stomatal conductance measured at the individual leaf level. Other environmental factors that drive transpiration were monitored accordingly for each individual layer. The Penman–Monteith and Jarvis evapotranspiration models were used as the basis to construct a modified transpiration model suitable for controlled environment conditions. Specially, constructed self-watering tubs were used to measure actual transpiration to validate the model output. The model provided good agreement of measured transpiration (actual transpiration = 0.96 × calculated transpiration, R2 = 0.98; p < 0.001) with the predicted values. This was particularly so at lower LAIs. Probable reasons for the discrepancy at higher LAI are explained. Both the predicted and experimental transpiration varied from 0.21 to 0.56 mm h−1 for the range of available LAIs. The physical proportion of the shaded layer exceeded that of the sunlit layer near LAI of 3.0, however, the contribution of the sunlit layer to the total transpiration remains higher throughout the entire growing season.

scholarly journals Accumulation of Silicon and Changes in Water Balance under Drought Stress in Brassica napus var. napus L.

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 280
Author(s):  
Diana Saja-Garbarz ◽  
Agnieszka Ostrowska ◽  
Katarzyna Kaczanowska ◽  
Franciszek Janowiak
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Abscisic Acid Level

The aim of this study was to investigate the accumulation of silicon in oilseed rape and to characterize the changes in chosen water balance parameters in response to drought. The following parameters were estimated: water content, osmotic and water potential, evapotranspiration, stomatal conductance and abscisic acid level under optimal and drought conditions. It was shown that oilseed rape plants accumulate silicon after its supplementation to the soil, both in the case of silicon alone and silicon together with iron. It was revealed that silicon (without iron) helps maintain constant water content under optimal conditions. While no silicon influence on osmotic regulation was observed, a transpiration decrease was detected under optimal conditions after silicon application. Under drought, a reduction in stomatal conductance was observed, but it was similar for all plants. The decrease in leaf water content under drought was accompanied by a significant increase in abscisic acid content in leaves of control plants and those treated with silicon together with iron. To sum up, under certain conditions, silicon is accumulated even in non-accumulator species, such as oilseed rape, and presumably improves water uptake under drought stress.

Loss of whole-tree hydraulic conductance during severe drought and multi-year forest die-off

Oecologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 175 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. L. Anderegg ◽  
Leander D. L. Anderegg ◽  
Joseph A. Berry ◽  
Christopher B. Field
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Whole Tree

scholarly journals Interactions between leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and abscisic acid content of orange trees submitted to drought stress

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara de Menezes de Assis Gomes ◽  
Ana Maria Magalhães Andrade Lagôa ◽  
Camilo Lázaro Medina ◽  
Eduardo Caruso Machado ◽  
Marcos Antônio Machado
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
Abscisic Acid Content

Thirty-month-old 'Pêra' orange trees grafted on 'Rangpur' lemon trees grown in 100 L pots were submitted to water stress by the suspension of irrigation. CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (g s) values declined from the seventh day of stress, although the leaf water potential at 6:00 a.m. (psipd) and at 2:00 p.m. (psi2) began to decline from the fifth day of water deficiency. The CO2 intercellular concentration (Ci) of water-stressed plants increased from the seventh day, reaching a maximum concentration on the day of most severe stress. The carboxylation efficiency, as revealed by the ratio A/Ci was low on this day and did not show the same values of non-stressed plants even after ten days of rewatering. After five days of rewatering only psi pd and psi2 were similar to control plants while A, E and g s were still different. When psi2 decreases, there was a trend for increasing abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in the leaves. Similarly, stomatal conductance was found to decrease as a function of decreasing psi2. ABA accumulation and stomatal closure occurred when psi2 was lower than -1.0 MPa. Water stress in 'Pera´ orange trees increased abscisic acid content with consequent stomatal closure and decreased psi2 values.

scholarly journals Testing for ion-mediated enhancement of the hydraulic conductance of the leaf xylem in diverse angiosperms

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Scoffoni ◽  
Grace John ◽  
Herve Cochard ◽  
Lawren Sack
Keyword(s):  
Water Solution ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Membrane Pores ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Pit Membrane ◽  
Major Bottleneck ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Xylem Conduits

Replacing ultra-pure water solution with ion solution closer to the composition of natural xylem sap increases stem hydraulic conductance by up to 58%, likely due to changes in electroviscosity in the pit membrane pores. This effect has been proposed to contribute to the control of plant hydraulic and stomatal conductance and potentially to influence on carbon balance during dehydration. However, this effect has never been directly tested for leaf xylem, which constitutes a major bottleneck in the whole plant. We tested for an ion-mediated increase in the hydraulic conductance of the leaf xylem (Kx) for seven species diverse in phylogeny and drought tolerance. Across species, no significant changes in Kx were observed between 0 and 15 mM KCl. We further tested for an effect of ion solution during measurements of Kx vulnerability to dehydration in Quercus agrifolia and found no significant impact. These results for leaf xylem contrast with the often strong ion effect reported for stems, and we suggest several hypotheses to account for the difference, relating to the structure of xylem conduits across vein orders, and the ultrastructure of leaf xylem pores. A negligible ion response in leaves would weaken xylem sap ion-mediated control of plant hydraulic conductance, facilitating modeling of whole plant hydraulic behavior and its influence on productivity.

scholarly journals Trehalose induces tomato defenses and increases drought tolerance and bacterial wilt disease resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
April M MacIntyre ◽  
Valerian Meline ◽  
Zachary Gorman ◽  
Steven P Augustine ◽  
Carolyn J Dye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Bacterial Wilt Disease ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Use Efficiency

Ralstonia solanacearum causes plant bacterial wilt disease, leading to severe crop losses. Xylem sap from R. solanacearum-infected tomato is enriched in host produced trehalose. Water stressed plants accumulate the disaccharide trehalose, which increases drought tolerance via abscisic acid (ABA) signaling networks. Because infected plants have reduced water flow, we hypothesized that bacterial wilt physiologically mimics drought stress, which trehalose could mitigate. Transcriptomic responses of susceptible vs. resistant tomato plants to R. solanacearum infection revealed differential expression of drought-associated genes, including those involved in ABA and trehalose metabolism. ABA was enriched in xylem sap from R. solanacearum-infected plants. Treating roots with ABA lowered stomatal conductance and reduced R. solanacearum stem colonization. Treating roots with trehalose increased ABA in xylem sap and reduced plant water use by reducing stomatal conductance and temporarily improving water use efficiency. Further, trehalose-treated plants were more resistant to bacterial wilt disease. Trehalose treatment also upregulated expression of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defense genes, increased xylem sap levels of SA and other antimicrobial compounds, and increased wilt resistance of SA-insensitive NahG tomato plants. Additionally, trehalose treatment increased xylem concentrations of jasmonic acid and related oxylipins. Together, these data show that exogenous trehalose reduced both water stress and bacterial wilt disease and triggered systemic resistance. This suite of responses revealed unexpected linkages between plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress and suggests that that R. solanacearum-infected tomato plants produce more trehalose to improve water use efficiency and increase wilt disease resistance. In turn, R. solanacearum degrades trehalose as a counter-defense.

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 Modulates Plant Hydraulic Conductance Through Regulation of PIPs Under Progressive Soil Drying in Tomato Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenglan Li ◽  
Liang Fang ◽  
Josefine Nymark Hegelund ◽  
Fulai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Water Relation ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Plant Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Plasma Membrane Intrinsic Proteins

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations accompanied by abiotic stresses challenge food production worldwide. Elevated CO2 (e[CO2]) affects plant water relations via multiple mechanisms involving abscisic acid (ABA). Here, two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) genotypes, Ailsa Craig (AC) and its ABA-deficient mutant (flacca), were used to investigate the responses of plant hydraulic conductance to e[CO2] and drought stress. Results showed that e[CO2] decreased transpiration rate (E) increased plant water use efficiency only in AC, whereas it increased daily plant water consumption and osmotic adjustment in both genotypes. Compared to growth at ambient [CO2], AC leaf and root hydraulic conductance (Kleaf and Kroot) decreased at e[CO2], which coincided with the transcriptional regulations of genes of plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) and OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1), and these effects were attenuated in flacca during soil drying. Severe drought stress could override the effects of e[CO2] on plant water relation characteristics. In both genotypes, drought stress resulted in decreased E, Kleaf, and Kroot accompanied by transcriptional responses of PIPs and OST1. However, under conditions combining e[CO2] and drought, some PIPs were not responsive to drought in AC, indicating that e[CO2] might disturb ABA-mediated drought responses. These results provide some new insights into mechanisms of plant hydraulic response to drought stress in a future CO2-enriched environment.

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