Leaf nitrogen dynamics with particular reference to retranslocation in evergreen and deciduous tree species of Kumaun Himalaya

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C.S. Negi ◽  
S.P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Leaf Life Span ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
N Status

The concentration and mass of nitrogen (N) were followed seasonally in leaves of 26 trees species of Central Himalaya: 11 evergreen species with about 1-year leaf life-span and 15 deciduous species. Like the deciduous species, the leaves of these evergreen species start senescing and losing mass in the year of formation. Species with higher N status retranslocated a larger proportion of leaf N prior to leaf abscission than the species with less favourable N status. The percentage of N mass in the leaf that was retranslocated during senescence ranged from 32.7 to 75.3%, but none of the species with N concentration less than 2.5% in mature leaves retranslocated more than 60% of N. Compared with evergreen species, on average the deciduous species showed higher N concentration in mature leaves (3.2 vs. 2.5%), higher proportion of leaf mass loss during senescence (31.6 vs. 26.2%), and greater proportion of retranslocated N mass from leaves (57.1 vs. 51.8%). With regard to the N-use efficiency the two groups of species were not clearly different. The dependence of deciduous species on retranslocated N mass for leaf growth during the dry period of the premonsoon season was greater than that of the evergreen species, which showed partial dependence on the soil N pool for new leaf formation.

scholarly journals Relationships between leaf life span, leaf mass per area, and leaf nitrogen cause different altitudinal changes in leaf δ13C between deciduous and evergreen species

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. 1233-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Takahashi ◽  
Y. Miyajima
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Leaf Life Span ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Leaf Mass ◽  
Assimilation Capacity

We examined the variability in stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) in leaves of two deciduous broad-leaved species and two evergreen conifer species along an altitudinal gradient in central Japan. The δ13C of the two deciduous species decreased with altitude, except near the upper distribution limit. The two evergreen species, however, showed no clear altitudinal trends for δ13C. The δ13C of the two deciduous species was positively correlated with leaf mass per area (LMA), indicating that the altitudinal variation in δ13C was controlled by LMA. Leaf nitrogen per mass (as a proxy of assimilation capacity, Nmass) was negatively correlated with LMA for the two deciduous species, while it was not correlated with LMA for the two evergreen species. Leaf life span of the two deciduous species decreased with altitude, whereas that of the two evergreen species increased. Thus, the two deciduous species had shorter-lived thinner leaves with higher Nmass at higher altitudes, and the two evergreen species had longer-lived leaves. These changes contribute to the positive carbon balance at higher altitudes. Therefore, the different changes in δ13C with altitude between the deciduous and evergreen species are ascribed to the different altitudinal changes in the leaf traits for carbon balance.

How drought and deciduousness shape xylem plasticity in three Costa Rican woody plant species

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Scholz ◽  
Anke Stein ◽  
Brendan Choat ◽  
Steven Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
Tropical Cloud Forest ◽  
Tabebuia Rosea ◽  
Seasonally Dry Forest

This paper explores the phenotypic plasticity of xylem in tropical trees in order to test the hypothesis that different leaf phenological patterns influence levels of xylem plasticity. Wood anatomy was studied in the wet-deciduous species Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken, the dry-deciduous species Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC., and the evergreen species Ocotea veraguensis (Meisn.) Mez., collected from seasonally dry forest and tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica. Xylem plasticity and trait conservatism were examined by analysing the coefficient of variation (CV) and the relative distance plasticity index (RDPI) of xylem anatomical traits. The two deciduous species exhibited wider vessels, lower wood density, and higher Huber values than the evergreen species. Furthermore, intervessel connectivity was highest for the two deciduous species in seasonally dry forest compared to cloud forest, whereas the opposite was found for the evergreen species. Overall highest trait variability was found for all plants at the seasonally dry site. The evergreen species O. veraguensis had the highest plasticity values compared to the deciduous species. Highest plasticity was found for vessel composition index (vessel area/vessel number), whilestrongest trait conservatism was found for vessel diameter. In conclusion, our data indicate that evergreen O. veraguensis does not show less xylem plasticity than the two deciduous tree species studied.

scholarly journals Subtropical–Tropical Urban Tree Water Relations and Drought Stress Response Strategies

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Daryl Joyce ◽  
David Doley
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Tropical Cities

Understanding native habitats of species successful as subtropical and tropical urban trees yield insights into how to minimize urban tree water deficit stress experienced during monsoonal dry periods. Equatorial and montane wet forest species rarely subject to drought are generally absent in subtropical and tropical cities with pronounced monsoonal dry seasons. Species native to monsoonal dry forests appear to have wide environmental tolerances, and are successful as urban trees in many tropical cities. Monsoonal dry forest species have a tendency to be deep rooted to avoid drought, with leaf habits falling along an avoidance to tolerance spectrum. Dry deciduous species, typically found on more fertile soils, maximize growth during the monsoonal wet season with high photosynthesis and transpiration rates, then defoliate to avoid stress during the dry season. Evergreen tree species, typically found on less fertile soils, have a higher carbon investment in leaves that photosynthesize and transpire less year-round than do dry deciduous species. Dry deciduous tree species are more common urban trees than dry evergreen species explicitly due to more ornamental floral displays, but also implicitly due to their ability to adjust timing and duration of defoliation in response to drought. An empirical study of three tropical species exhibiting a range of leaf habits showed isohydric behavior that moderates transpiration and conserves soil water during drying. However, dry evergreen species may be less adaptable to tropical urban conditions of pronounced drought, intense heat, and limited rooting volumes than dry deciduous species with malleable leaf habit.

Effect of leaf nitrogen concentration versus CND nutritional balance on shoot density and foliage colour of an established Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1107-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdo Badra ◽  
Léon-Étienne Parent ◽  
Guy Allard ◽  
Nicolas Tremblay ◽  
Yves Desjardins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
N Status

A 3-yr field study was conducted in a loam and a sand site to determine the effects of N, P, and K application rates on N status, shoot density and foliage colour of Kentucky bluegrass clippings and to derive critical N values. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replicates and three nutrients, N (0 or 50 to 300 kg ha-1 yr-1), P (0 or 21.8 to 87.3 kg P ha-1 yr-1), and K (0 or 41.7 to 250 kg K ha-1 yr-1), equally broadcast six times per growing season. We examined N concentration values, log-transformed N concentration values, and CND values for compositional nutrient simplexes comprising one (VN1), three (VN3), five (VN5), or 11 (VN11) macro- and micro-nutrients. Critical values for N expressions were obtained from linear relationships with targeted visual shoot density and foliage colour ratings that were closely related to each other (R2 = 0.92). The highest coefficients of determination (0.975 to 0.980) were obtained with VN5 and VN11. The VN5 values were consistent with literature data and across experimental sites, and were the most successful (99% success) in diagnosing N sufficiency in 328 qualified specimens from commercial sod farms. Compared with raw concentrations, the CND transformation reduced from 0.6 to 0.1 the degree of inter-correlation among nutrients in principal component analysis and was amenable to a χ2 distribution of CND indices. Using a critical imbalance index (CNDr2) of 5.6as χ2 value, and a critical CND IN2 index of 1.5 for a 5-nutrient simplex, we diagnosed as imbalanced 179 qualified specimens of which 110 specimens presented excessively high N level among the 328 qualified specimens in commercial stands. The proposed five-nutrient CND norms proved to be effective in diagnosing N status in Kentucky bluegrass clippings across experimental, literature, and survey data sets. Key words: Plant tissue nutrient diagnosis, DRIS, CND, Kentucky bluegrass nitrogen fertilization, turfgrass shoot density, turfgrass foliage colour

Altitudinal effects on leaf traits and shoot growth of Betulaplatyphylla var. japonica

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1881-1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaku Kudo
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Leaf Life Span ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Lower Site ◽  
Leaf N

Leaf demography, shoot growth, and seasonal changes of leaf size, specific leaf area, and leaf nitrogen (N) concentration of Betulaplatyphylla var. japonica Hara were compared at two altitudes (140 and 700 m above sea level). At the higher site, where the length of growing season was restricted, leaf life-span was shorter and leaf N concentration was higher throughout the growing season than at the lower site. Leaf size did not differ between sites. Production of short-lived and high N concentration leaves was considered adaptive under the condition of short growing season. At the higher site, N was translocated from senescing early leaves to late leaves in mid-September, whereas a significant increase in late leaf N concentration was not observed at the lower site. There were no differences in shoot growth, bud size, late leaf number on long shoots between sites, probably because of effective N use at the higher site.

scholarly journals Leaf Age Matters in Remote Sensing: Taking Ground Truth for Spectroscopic Studies in Hemiboreal Deciduous Trees with Continuous Leaf Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1353
Author(s):  
Eva Neuwirthová ◽  
Andres Kuusk ◽  
Zuzana Lhotáková ◽  
Joel Kuusk ◽  
Jana Albrechtová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Integrating Sphere ◽  
Canopy Reflectance ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Leaf Formation

We examined the seasonal changes in biophysical, anatomical, and optical traits of young leaves, formed throughout the vegetative season due to sylleptic growth, and mature leaves formed by proleptic growth in spring. Leaf developmental categories contribute to the top-of-canopy reflectance and should be considered when taking ground truth for remote sensing studies (RS). Deciduous tree species, Betula pendula, Populus tremula, and Alnus incana, were sampled from May to October 2018 in an Estonian hemiboreal forest. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were detected biochemically; leaf anatomical traits (leaf, palisade, and spongy mesophyll thickness) were measured on leaf cross-sections; leaf reflectance was measured by a spectroradiometer with an integrating sphere (350–2500 nm). Biophysical and anatomical leaf traits were related to 64 vegetation indices (VIs). Linear models based on VIs for all tested leaf traits were more robust if both juvenile and mature leaves were included. This study provides information on which VIs are interchangeable or independent. Pigment and leaf thickness sensitive indices formed PC1; water and structural trait related VIs formed an independent group associated with PC3. Type of growth and leaf age could affect the validation of biophysical and anatomical leaf trait retrieval from the optical signal. It is, therefore, necessary to sample both leaf developmental categories—young and mature—in RS, especially if sampling is only once within the vegetation season.

Why do evergreen trees dominate the Australian seasonal tropics?

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. J. S. Bowman ◽  
L. D. Prior
Keyword(s):  
Fire Disturbance ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
Physiological Cost ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Rainfall Seasonality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Extreme Variability

The northern Australian woody vegetation is predominantly evergreen despite an intensely seasonal climate and a diversity of deciduous species in the regional flora. From a global climatic perspective the dominance of evergreen rather than deciduous trees in the Australian savannas is apparently anomalous when compared with other savannas of the world. However, this pattern is not unexpected in light of existing theory that emphasises photosynthetic return relative to cost of investment between deciduous and evergreen species. (a) Climatically, monsoonal Australia is more extreme in terms of rainfall seasonality and variability and high air temperatures than most other parts of the seasonally dry tropics. Existing theory predicts that extreme variability and high temperatures favour evergreen trees that can maximise the period during which leaves assimilate CO2. (b) Soil infertility is known to favour evergreens, given the physiological cost of leaf construction, and the northern Australian vegetation grows mainly on deeply weathered and infertile Tertiary regoliths. (c) These regoliths also provide stores of ground water that evergreens are able to exploit during seasonal drought, thereby maintaining near constant transpiration throughout the year. (d) Fire disturbance appears to be an important secondary factor in explaining the dominance of evergreens in the monsoon tropics, based on the fact that most deciduous tree species of the region are restricted to small fire-protected sites. (e) Evolutionary history cannot explain the predominance of evergreens, given the existence of a wide range of deciduous species, including deciduous eucalypts, in the regional tree flora.

Wound regeneration in the lamina of magnoliaceous leaves

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (14) ◽  
pp. 1352-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley C. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Complete Process

Reparative tissue was observed around healed natural wounds in leaves of 53 species of 9 of the 12 magnoliaceous genera: Aromadendron, Elmerrillia, Kmeria, Liriodendron, Magnolia, Manglietia, Michelia, Paramichelia, and Talauma. Additional evidence was obtained from wounding experiments carried out on attached leaves of two evergreen species, Magnolia grandiflora and Michelia figo. Regeneration was studied over a 6-week period. Evergreen leaves produced more abundant regenerative tissues than deciduous leaves; a narrow-to-broad periderm forms consistently in all evergreen magnoliaceous leaves around wounds, but wounds in the deciduous species invoke little or no periderm development. The healing process in these leaves consists of three steps: (1) cells die along the wound, and cells immediately adjacent become physiologically altered; (2) a callus forms by randomly oriented cell divisions throughout mesophyll, vein sheath, and (in most species) epidermis; and (3) a periderm eventually forms in the band of callus parallel to the wound. The complete process takes 4 to 6 weeks in the evergreen magnoliaceous plants studied. The differences in healing processes are contrasted between evergreen and deciduous leaves. Of special interest is the observation that guard cells of mature leaves in several taxa dedifferentiate and undergo division in the area of wound repair.

scholarly journals Leaf Traits of Trees in Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests of Peninsular India

Ecologies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-284
Author(s):  
Muthulingam Udayakumar ◽  
Thangavel Sekar
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Leaf Life Span ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
Plant Functional Trait

A plant functional trait study was conducted to know the existing relationship between important leaf traits namely, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and leaf life span (LL) in tropical dry evergreen forest (TDEFs) of Peninsular India. Widely accepted methodologies were employed to record functional traits. The relationships between SLA and LDMC, LDMC and LL, and SLA and LL were measured. Pearson’s coefficient of correlation showed a significant negative relationship between SLA and LDMC, and SLA and LL, whereas a significant positive relationship was prevailed between LDMC and LL. The mean trait values (SLA, LDMC, and LL) of evergreens varied significantly from deciduous species. SLA had a closer relationship with LDMC than LL. Similarly, LL had a closer relationship with SLA than LDMC. Species with evergreen leaf habits dominated forest sites under study. Evergreen species dominate the study area with a high evergreen-deciduous ratio of 5.34:1. The S strategy score of trees indicated a relatively higher biomass allocation to persistent tissues. TDEFs occur in low elevation, semiarid environment, but with the combination of oligotrophic habitat, high temperature and longer dry season these forests were flourishing as a unique evergreen ecosystem in the drier environment. The relationships found between leaf traits were in concurrence with earlier findings. Trees of TDEFs survive on the poor-nutrient habitat with a low SLA, high LDMC, and LL. This study adds baseline data on key leaf traits to plant functional trait database of India.

Differential impact of liana colonization on the leaf functional traits of co-occurring deciduous and evergreen trees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
vivek pandi ◽  
Kanda Naveen Babu
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Leaf Functional Traits ◽  
Leaf Trait ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract The present study was carried out to analyse the leaf functional traits of co-occurring evergreen and deciduous tree species in a tropical dry scrub forest. This study also intended to check whether the species with contrasting leaf habits differ in their leaf trait plasticity, responding to the canopy-infestation by lianas. A total of 12 leaf functional traits were studied for eight tree species with contrasting leaf habits (evergreen and deciduous) and liana-colonization status (Liana+ and Liana−). In the liana-free environment (L−), evergreen trees had significantly higher specific leaf mass (LMA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC) than the deciduous species. Whereas, the deciduous trees had higher specific leaf area (SLA) and mass-based leaf nitrogen concentration (Nmass). The leaf trait-pair relationship in the present study agreed to the well-established global trait-pair relationships (SLA Vs Nmass, Lth Vs SLA, Nmass Vs Lth, Nmass Vs LDMC, LDMC Vs SLA). There was no significant difference between L+ and L− individuals in any leaf functional traits studied in the deciduous species. However, evergreen species showed marked differences in the total chlorophyll content (Chlt), chlorophyll b (Chlb), SLA, and LMA between L+ and L− individuals of the same species. Deciduous species with the acquisitive strategy can have a competitive advantage over evergreen species in the exposed environment (L−) whereas, evergreen species with shade-tolerant properties were better acclimated to the shaded environments (L+). The result revealed the patterns of convergence and divergence in some of the leaf functional traits between evergreen and deciduous species. The results also showed the differential impact of liana colonization on the host trees with contrasting leaf habits. Therefore, liana colonization can significantly impact the C-fixation strategies of the host trees by altering their light environment. Further, the magnitude of such impact may vary among species of different leaf habits. The increased proliferation of lianas in the tropical forest canopies may pose a severe threat to the whole forest carbon assimilation rates.

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