Effects of long-term pruning, meristem origin, and branch order on the rooting of Douglas-fir stem cuttings

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1888-1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Copes
Keyword(s):  
Flat Surface ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
First Order ◽  
Secondary Origin ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
Better Than

The rooting percentages of 14 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) clones were examined annually from 1974 to 1988. The trees were 10 and 13 years old in 1974 and were pruned to 2.0 m in 1978 and 1979 and then recut annually to 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 m, starting in 1983. The pruned trees showed no evidence of decreased rooting percentage even after 15 years; average rooting increased from 47% in 1974 to 74% in 1986. Rooting percentage was significantly influenced by tree height. Cuttings collected from 0.5 m tall ramets exhibited better rooting than cuttings from 1.0 or 2.0 m tall ramets, and cuttings from 1.0 m tall ramets rooted better than cuttings from 2.0 m tall ramets. Rooting of cuttings collected from 0.5 m high subinterval zones within trees showed a negative linear relation between rooting percentage and collection height. Cuttings collected from the 0–0.5 m zone rooted 25% better than cuttings from the 1.5–2.0 m zone of the 2 m tall trees. That difference was significant at p < 0.05. A test of rooting of larger, more orthotropic cuttings gathered from the upper flat surface of pruned ramets indicated that the cuttings from the top rooted significantly less than smaller, more plagiotropic cuttings from the contiguous side areas (24 versus 33%, respectively). Rooting comparisons of meristems of primary and secondary origin showed significantly greater rooting of secondary meristems. Comparison of rooting of second-order and first-order meristems of secondary origin indicated the second-order twigs averaged 26% better rooting than the first-order branch tips when the cuttings were collected in January and placed in the rooting beds in February.

scholarly journals 567 PB 006 AUXIN SENSITIVITY OF DOUGLAS-FIR STEM CUTTINGS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 513a-513
Author(s):  
William M. Proebsting
Keyword(s):  
Douglas Fir ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Christmas Tree ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Better Than

Douglas-fir clones have a wide range of rooting potential, but the species is generally considered difficult to root. We have reported previously that NAA is approximately 14-times more active than IBA in the clones tested, with an optimum of about 5 to 10 mM NAA. In contrast, other programs routinely use about 25 mM IBA to propagate Douglas-fir cuttings, a concentration that is relatively inactive in our clones. To address questions raised by these observations, we have incorporated auxin treatments into our long term program to select Douglas-fir clones with high rooting potential. We collect 20 cuttings of each clone identified in Christmas tree plantations, and retain clones rooting ≥ 80%. Beginning in 1991, we treated 10 cuttings of each clone with 5 mM NAA, the other 10 cuttings with 25 mM IBA. Over three years, 1158 clones received the split treatments. Of 222 clones rooting ≥ 80%) approximately half rooted ≥ 80% in response to NAA only. The remainder either responded to IBA or to both NAA and IBA. These results support our previous observations that NAA stimulates rooting of Douglas-fir better than IBA. However, they also suggest that there may be clones sensitive to IBA or to both NAA and IBA.

Die persoonlikheidsprofiel van suksesvolle bewakingsdienspersoneel

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Nell ◽  
L. Kamfer ◽  
R. P. Van Der Merwe ◽  
D. J. L. Venter
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
South African ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Stepwise Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Personality Profile ◽  
First Order ◽  
Correctional Services ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Independent Criterion ◽  
Better Than

The personality profile of successful prison warders. In an attempt to develop a personality profile for successful prison warders, scores on CattelFs 16-PF (SA92-form) were obtained from 361 warders employed by the South African Department of Correctional Services. Independent criterion information (tempo of promotion) was also obtained and used as indicator of job success. Using Hotelling's T2, it was found that the first order factor profiles of successful and unsuccessful warders differed significantly. There was no difference in their second order profiles. By means of stepwise discriminant analysis with personality as independent and success (expressed as a dichotomy) as the dependant variable, four first order factors were identified and formulae derived which predicted 14,8 better than chance whether a warder would be correctly classified as successful or not on the dichotomous success criterion. Opsomming In 'n poging om 'n persoonlikheidsprofiel vir suksesvolle bewakingsdienspersoneel saam te stel, is response op Cattell se 16-PF (SA92-vorm) vanaf 361 bewakingsdienspersoneellede werksaam by die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste, verkry. Inligting in terme van onafhanklike kriterium (tempo van bevordering) is ook verkry en gebruik as aanduiding van werksukses. Deur die gebruik van Hotelling se T2 is bepaal dat die ecrsteorde profiele van suksesvolle en onsuksesvolle bewakingsdienslede beduidend van mekaar verskil. Daar is geen beduidende verskil ten opsigte van die tweedeorde profiele gevind nie. Deur middel van stapsgewyse diskriminantontleding, met persoonlikheid as onafhanklike en sukses (uitgedruk as 'n digotomie) as afhanklike veranderlike, is vier eersteorde faktore geidentifiseer en formules saamgestel wat 14,8 beter as toeval kan voorspel of "n persoon suksesvol of onsuksesvol volgens die digotomiese sukseskriterium sal wees.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: XI. EFFECTS OF TYPE OF CUTTING ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS

1942 ◽  
Vol 20c (2) ◽  
pp. 116-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Farrar ◽  
N. H. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Third Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Better Than

Full length Norway spruce cuttings, with and without a heel of old wood, were collected from the lower part of the tree at semimonthly intervals from July to October and were propagated in several media in outside frames.Plain cuttings generally rooted better than cuttings with a heel of old wood, as judged by percentage rooted and the number and lengths of root. Heels, however, for'summer collections favoured survival and rooting in sand, and root length in sand–peat. In several experiments involving early spring collections propagated in sand, the presence or absence of heels had little effect on the responses of the cuttings.A late October collection involved six types of plain cuttings taken from the lower part of the tree and propagated in two different sand–peat media. In sedge peat medium there was little difference in the rooting of second order terminal, second order large lateral, second order small lateral, or third order lateral cuttings, the average rooting being 90%. Third order lateral cuttings showed an inferior development of new growth. The percentage of first order terminal cuttings rooted was 67%; these had markedly superior new growth development; when shortened, only 32% of such cuttings rooted. Irregular differences between the types of cutting occurred in the inferior sphagnum peat medium.

scholarly journals Biomass and dynamics of attached dead branches in the canopy of 450-year-old Douglas-fir trees

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Ishii ◽  
Tomoko Kadotani
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Dead Branch ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
Term Monitoring ◽  
Branch Death

The amount, physical characteristics, and spatial distribution of attached dead branches in the canopy of 450-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) trees were studied over a 5-year period (1998–2003) to quantify their contribution to the canopy woody detritus pool of an old-growth Douglas-fir – western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) forest in the western Washington Cascades. We developed a five-class decay rating for attached dead branches. From the size distribution and relative amounts and vertical distribution of attached dead branches in the five decay classes, we inferred that death of large original branches had occurred in the recent past, followed by the production and death of epicormic branches. Tree height was an important variable for predicting branchwood dry mass per tree. We estimated that attached dead branches of Douglas-fir contributed 63.8% of the total canopy woody detritus pool of the stand. During the study period, 0.24%·year–1 of live branchwood mass died attached, and 0.37%·year–1 and 4.34%·year–1, respectively, of live- and dead-branch mass were lost due to branchfall and fragmentation. Because branch death and branchfall are stochastic processes, long-term monitoring in the canopy and on the ground is needed to understand the dynamics of canopy woody detritus.

Second-Order Flocking Control with Communication Noise

2014 ◽  
Vol 511-512 ◽  
pp. 1077-1080
Author(s):  
Huan Xin Peng ◽  
Bin Liu ◽  
Wen Kai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Distributed Consensus ◽  
First Order ◽  
Convergence Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

In the paper, we analyze the distributed flocking algorithms with communication noise. Under the Boid model, flocking algorithm with communication noise is easy to diverge. In order to improve the convergence performance of flocking algorithms with communication noise, and overcome the impact brought by communication noise on flocking algorithm, in the paper, a distributed flocking algorithm based on SO-DCT distributed consensus algorithm is proposed. The second-order flocking algorithm under the Boid model is analyzed, and simulations are done. Results show that the second-order distributed flocking algorithm can reach cohesion, and its convergence performance is better than that of the first-order distributed flocking algorithm, moreover, the impact of communication noise on the second-order flocking algorithm is smaller.

Effects of annual crown pruning and serial propagation on rooting of stem cuttings from Douglas-fir

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Copes
Keyword(s):  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Clonal Variation ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
Serial Propagation

Success of rooting from stem cuttings of 14 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) clones increased significantly from 42% in 1974 to 67% in 1981. The increase was slightly more than 3% each year despite ortet age increasing from 10 and 13 years in 1974 to 17 and 20 years in 1981. The greatest increase occurred from the 3rd through the 6th year of annual rooting trials. Yearly pruning of ortets and rooted ramets of the same clones is thought to have reinvigorated shoots from the pruned crowns of trees. Several annual prunings seemed to be required before average rooting potential increased markedly. No translocation of the reinvigoration stimulus from the pruned to the adjacent unpruned areas of the same trees was detected. Rooting of cuttings from ortets from pruned areas was at least 9% more than cuttings from unpruned areas. No additional invigoration from serial propagation of cuttings was noted for rooting potential, but such cuttings grew a little taller and slightly less plagiotropic 1 year after rooting than were ramets propagated from pruned ortets. Significant clonal variation was found with all treatments. Evidence of a change in physiological vigor of the ortets and rooted ramets was externally visible in the formation of abundant lammas shoots on pruned areas of the 17- and 20-year-old ortets and rooted ramets. Abundant lammas growth is normally found only on Douglas-fir trees less than 10 years old.

Foliage distribution in old-growth coniferous tree canopies

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Massman
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Beta Distribution ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Better Than

The vertical distribution of foliage for several old-growth trees is discussed and modeled. The data include the foliage distribution of nine Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) crowns, the foliage distribution of a sugar pine (Pinuslambertiana Dougl.) crown, and the foliage distribution of a composite of the nine Douglas-fir trees which represents the stand canopy. The data show that the foliage is distributed asymmetrically in the crown with the maximum amount often located at a height approximately equal to 80% of the tree height. The data further show that the crown base is 9–30 m above the ground. Five different mathematical models of the foliage distribution (a normal distribution, a chi-square distribution, a beta distribution, a difference of exponentials, and a chi-square-like distribution) are fitted to the data and compared. The beta distribution and the chi-square distribution appear to fit the data slightly better than the others; but the differences in r2 between all the models are often small. The normal distribution has the advantage that it shows the least variability from one tree to the next; however, it also has the disadvantage that it is significantly different from zero at the top of all the tree crowns modeled here.

scholarly journals Investigation of the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solution using pomelo fruit peel

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Van Phuc Dinh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Models ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
First Order ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Isotherm And Kinetic Models ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Better Than

Pomelo fruit peel, an organic waste, was utilised as a biosorbent to remove Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. Some major factors influencing Ni(II) uptake such as pH, adsorption time, and initial Ni(II) concentration were examined. Several isotherm and kinetic models including the Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-diffusion models were fit to the experimental data. Results showed that the Ni(II) uptake obtained an equilibrium at pH=6 after 80 min at 303 K. The Sips isotherm model described the Ni(II) adsorption better than other models and the monoadsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir model was 9.67 mg/g. The adsorption of Ni(II) followed pseudo-second-order kinetic models with three stages.

In Support of Second Order Optimization

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiushi Cao ◽  
Prakash Krishnaswami
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Order Method ◽  
First Order ◽  
Applied Optimization ◽  
Minimum Sensitivity ◽  
First Order Methods ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Second Order Methods

Abstract The vast majority of applied optimization falls into the category of first order optimization. This paper attempts to make the case for increased use of second order optimization techniques. Some of the most serious criticisms against second order methods are discussed and are shown to have lost some of their validity in recent years. In addition, some positive advantages of second order methods are also presented. These advantages include computational efficiency, compatibility with new advances in hardware and spill-over benefits in areas such as minimum sensitivity design. A simple second order constrained optimization algorithm is developed and several examples are solved using this method. A comparison is made with first order methods in terms of the number of function evaluations. The results show that the second order method performs much better than the first order methods in this regard. The paper also suggests some directions for future research in second order optimization.

scholarly journals Kinetic Analysis of Stabilizing C-Phycocyanin in the Spirulina platensis Extracts from Ultrasonic Process Associated with Effects of Light and Temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woon Yong Choi ◽  
Hyeon Yong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Light Illumination ◽  
First Order ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Ultrasonic Process ◽  
Term Storage

A kinetic model was developed to reflect the stability of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) from ultrasonic extraction process under different storage conditions. The decrease of C-PC contents was most accelerated at a high temperature of 40 °C along with light illumination, resulting in ca. 60% drop of an initial concentration for two months of storage. However, ca. 93% of the initial contents remained at 4 °C without light, which would be a most favorable condition for long-term storage. It was first shown that the decrease of the residual concentrations followed second-order kinetics under light illumination. However, without light, the decrease of the C-PC contents showed first order reaction kinetics, which implies initial C-PC concentrations are important. On the contrary, initial storage temperature seemed to be more influential under light illumination. It was also first revealed that the rate of degrading the C-PC was faster with light than without light even at the same temperature, having 0.0108 (1/h) and 0.0138 (1/h) of rate constants of first order (no light) and second order kinetics (with light) at 40 °C, respectively. Moreover, the cleavage of C-PC was also found to follow the Arrhenius relationship. Therefore, this work could provide desirable storage conditions of C-PC from non-thermal ultrasonic process for long-term storage.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document