Predicting water fluxes through forests from monthly precipitation and mean monthly air temperature records

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 864-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Arp ◽  
Xiwei Yin
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Temperature Records

A process-oriented computer model addressing all major water fluxes through forests is introduced. The model is driven by monthly mean air temperature, monthly precipitation, and mean snow fraction of that precipitation. Other data requirements are limited to latitude, proportions of coniferous and deciduous trees in the forest, thickness of each soil layer (forest floor, soil, and subsoil), and clay fraction (or texture) of each mineral soil layer. The number of parameters to be calibrated is kept at a minimum. Parameter calibration is applicable across sites without further modification unless warranted by outstanding physical differences. The model successfully reproduces available data on throughfall, snowpack, forest floor percolate, soil water content, and streamflow from a deciduous forest in Ontario (Turkey Lakes) and a coniferous forest in Quebec (Lake Laflamme).

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model Biome-BGCMuSo for Modelling Soil Organic Carbon under Different Land Uses

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 968
Author(s):  
Maša Zorana Ostrogović Ostrogović Sever ◽  
Zoltán Barcza ◽  
Dóra Hidy ◽  
Anikó Kern ◽  
Doroteja Dimoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem Model

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a mandatory pool in national inventory reports on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals to the UNFCCC. Hence, its accurate assessment is important. Modelling SOC changes for national GHG reports is encouraged, but the uncertainty related to this pool still presents a significant challenge; thus, verifying modelling results with field observations is essential. We used the process-based model Biome-BGCMuSo and assessed its suitability for use in Croatia’s GHG reporting. We modelled SOC stocks in the top 30 cm of the mineral soil layer (SOC30) for four different land-use (LU) categories (Deciduous/Coniferous Forest, Grassland and Annual Cropland) distributed in three biogeographical regions (Alpine, Continental and Mediterranean) and compared them with results of a national soil survey. A total of 573 plot level simulations were undertaken and results were evaluated at three stratification levels (LU, LU × biogeographical region, and plot). The model reproduced the overall country mean of SOC30 with no overall bias, and showed good performance at the LU level with no significant (p < 0.05) difference for all LUs except Deciduous Forest (11% overestimation). At finer stratifications, the model performance considerably worsened. Further model calibration, improvement and testing, as well as repeated soil survey are needed in order to assess the changes in SOC30 and to evaluate the potential of the Biome-BGCMuSo model for use in GHG reporting.

scholarly journals Influence of Root Distribution on Preferential Flow in Deciduous and Coniferous Forest Soils

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziteng Luo ◽  
Jianzhi Niu ◽  
Baoyuan Xie ◽  
Linus Zhang ◽  
Xiongwen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Rainfall Events

Root-induced channels are the primary controlling factors for rapid movement of water and solute in forest soils. To explore the effects of root distribution on preferential flow during rainfall events, deciduous (Quercus variabilis BI.) and coniferous forest (Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco) sites were selected to conduct dual-tracer experiments (Brilliant Blue FCF and Bromide [Br−]). Each plot (1.30 × 1.30 m) was divided into two subplots (0.65 × 1.30 m), and two rainfall simulations (40 mm, large rainfall and 70 mm, extreme rainfall) were conducted in these. Vertical soil profiles (1.00 m × 0.40 m) were excavated, and preferential flow path features were quantified based on digital image analysis. Root (fine and coarse) abundance and Br− concentration were investigated for each soil profile. In deciduous forest, accumulated roots in the upper soil layer induce larger lateral preferential flow as compared to the coniferous forest soil during large rainfall events. Compared with deciduous forest, coniferous forest soil, with higher (horizontal and vertical) spatial variability of preferential flow paths, promotes higher percolation and solute leaching to deeper soil layers during extreme rainfall events. Fine roots, accounting for a larger proportion of total roots (compared to coarse roots), facilitate preferential flow in the 0–40 cm forest soil layer. Overall, our results indicate that the root distribution pattern of different tree species can exert diverse effects on preferential flow in forest soils.

Effects of clear-cutting on the composition of bacterial populations of northern spruce forest soil

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seppo Niemelä ◽  
Veronica Sundman
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Humus Layer

This paper concerns the microbiological part of an investigation, the goal of which is to describe the biological changes in coniferous forest soil upon clear-cutting in a northern (66°20′ N) moraine area where reforestation after clear-cutting had been met with difficulty. The zoological part of the work has been published elsewhere. Clear-cut sites of increasing age (4, 7, and 13 years) were investigated and compared with a forest area where no cutting of timber had been done for 120 years.A total of 684 random isolates of heterotrophic bacteria from pooled samples of the sites investigated were passed through 36 biochemical tests. The data were condensed by the aid of factor analysis, and a comparison of the populations was based on squared Euclidean distances between population centroids in a seven-dimensional factor space.The most marked population changes followed a course in which frequencies of some population characteristics became increasingly different until 7 years after clear-cutting, with regression towards the control clearly evident after 13 years. Disturbances of shorter duration were also relatively common, with maximal changes observed in the 4-year samples, and with a complete recovery after 7 years.The mineral soil populations seemed to undergo greater changes than the humus populations.The most distinct changes believed to be due to clear-cutting were the short-term relative increase of organisms producing acid from sucrose and dissolving CaHPO4, and a long-term increase of lipolytic and caseolytic, rhamnose-negative organisms; both in the mineral soil layer. In the humus layer, a short-term increase of lipolytic and of rhamnose-positive organisms seemed to take place.

scholarly journals Response of carbon and water fluxes to meteorological and phenological variability in two eastern North American forests of similar age but contrasting species composition – a multiyear comparison

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 3563-3587
Author(s):  
Eric R. Beamesderfer ◽  
M. Altaf Arain ◽  
Myroslava Khomik ◽  
Jason J. Brodeur ◽  
Brandon M. Burns
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Broadleaf Forest ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest

Abstract. The annual carbon and water dynamics of two eastern North American temperate forests were compared over a 6-year period from 2012 to 2017. The geographic location, forest age, soil, and climate were similar between the two stands; however, stand composition varied in terms of tree leaf-retention and shape strategy: one stand was a deciduous broadleaf forest, while the other was an evergreen needleleaf forest. The 6-year mean annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of the coniferous forest was slightly higher and more variable (218±109 g C m−2 yr−1) compared to that of the deciduous forest NEP (200±83 g C m−2 yr−1). Similarly, the 6-year mean annual evapotranspiration (ET) of the coniferous forest was higher (442±33 mm yr−1) than that of the deciduous forest (388±34 mm yr−1), but with similar interannual variability. Summer meteorology greatly impacted the carbon and water fluxes in both stands; however, the degree of response varied among the two stands. In general, warm temperatures caused higher ecosystem respiration (RE), resulting in reduced annual NEP values – an impact that was more pronounced at the deciduous broadleaf forest compared to the evergreen needleleaf forest. However, during warm and dry years, the evergreen forest had largely reduced annual NEP values compared to the deciduous forest. Variability in annual ET at both forests was related most to the variability in annual air temperature (Ta), with the largest annual ET observed in the warmest years in the deciduous forest. Additionally, ET was sensitive to prolonged dry periods that reduced ET at both stands, although the reduction at the coniferous forest was relatively larger than that of the deciduous forest. If prolonged periods (weeks to months) of increased Ta and reduced precipitation are to be expected under future climates during summer months in the study region, our findings suggest that the deciduous broadleaf forest will likely remain an annual carbon sink, while the carbon sink–source status of the coniferous forest remains uncertain.

Impact of grassland afforestation on soil carbon in New Zealand: a review of paired-site studies

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Davis ◽  
L. M. Condron
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Soil C ◽  
The Impact

Afforestation of grassland provides an opportunity for partial mitigation of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere through carbon (C) fixation in biomass, but little is known of the impact of afforestation on soil C. To determine the impact of afforestation on soil C levels, data from published papers, theses, and unpublished studies of paired adjoining grassland and afforested sites in New Zealand were assembled and compared. The forest sites within each pair were planted into grassland rather than some other land use, and were a minimum of 10 years old. A total of 28 paired sites had information on both mineral soil C concentration and bulk density, 17 with the forest part of the pair aged 10-20 years, and 11 with the forest aged more than 20 years. Forest floor C information was available for 9 sites. Only 3 of the forest stands had been harvested. Results indicated that afforestation of grassland soils reduces upper mineral soil (mainly 0-10 cm layer) C levels by about 4.5 t/ha or 9.5% in the short-term; however, beyond forest age 20 years there was no difference mineral in soil C between the two systems. Soil bulk density in the 0-10 cm layer was unaffected by afforestation during the first rotation. This allowed comparison of a larger number of sites (27 with forest aged 10-20 years, 18 with forest aged &gt;20 years) that had C concentration data only. Analysis of this larger data set confirmed results obtained from the C mass data alone. Effects of afforestation on mineral soil C were most pronounced in the upper soil and declined rapidly with depth to the extent that at most sites there was no influence of afforestation on soil C below the 0-10 cm layer. At some sites, however, the impact of afforestation proceeded to greater depths, and further study is required to determine reasons for differences between sites in this regard. The impacts of afforestation on soil C observed from the paired-site studies agree well with those of recent analyses for the upper soil layer using New Zealand national soils databases. At greater depths, however, analyses using the databases appear to greatly overestimate the influence of afforestation on soil C. The available data indicate that C accumulating in the forest floor is likely to exceed any short-term reduction in mineral soil C arising from grassland afforestation.

Barriers to Establishment of Invading, Non-forest Plants in Deciduous Forest Nature Reserves

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Reader ◽  
Bradlay D. Bricker
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Minimum Area ◽  
Forest Plants ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Experimental Plots

A field experiment was conducted to define minimum values of irradiance (i.e. light reaching the forest floor) and exposed mineral soil required for non-forest species to become established in deciduous forest in Southern Canada. Three logging intensities (0%, 33%, and 66%, of tree basal-area removed) were combined with three plot sizes (0.01, 0.05, and 0.20 ha) to create a range of values of irradiance and exposed mineral soil. The total number of non-forest species that became established during the first three years after logging was recorded.Non-forest species invaded experimental plots only when irradiance was at least 8% of incident light. There was no single minimum area of exposed mineral soil required for invasion. A few non-forest species became established even in the absence of exposed mineral soil where penetrating irradiance was 8% or greater. More non-forest species became established as irradiance and the amount of exposed mineral soil increased.Logging increased both irradiance and the amount of exposed mineral soil. Only a small amount of logging (e.g. 33% removal of tree basal-area from a 0.01 ha plot) would be compatible with the conservation objective of preventing invasion by undesirable non-forest species.

Comparison of coniferous forest carbon stocks between old-growth and young second-growth forests on two soil types in central British Columbia, Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1411-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur L Fredeen ◽  
Claudette H Bois ◽  
Darren T Janzen ◽  
Paul T Sanborn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
C Stocks

Carbon (C) stocks were assessed for hybrid interior spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.)-dominated upland forests within the Aleza Lake Research Forest in central British Columbia, Canada. Four old-growth (141–250 years old) and four young second-growth (<20 years old) forest plots were established on the two dominant soil texture types, coarse and fine, for a total of 16 plots. Mean total C stocks for old-growth stands ranged from 423 Mg C·ha–1 (coarse) to 324 Mg C·ha–1 (fine), intermediate between Pacific Northwest temperate forests and upland boreal forests. Total C was lower in second-growth stands because of lower tree (mostly large tree stem), forest floor, and woody debris C stocks. In contrast, old-growth forest-floor C stocks ranged from 78 Mg C·ha–1 (coarse) to 35 Mg C·ha–1 (fine), 2.9- and 1.2-fold higher than in corresponding second-growth stands, respectively. Woody debris C stocks in old-growth stands totaled 35 Mg C·ha–1 (coarse) and 31 Mg C·ha–1 (fine), 2.7- and 3.4-fold higher than in second-growth stands, respectively. Mineral soil C to 1.07 m depth was similar across soil type and age-class, with totals ranging from 115 to 106 Mg C·ha–1. Harvesting of old-growth forests in sub-boreal British Columbia lowers total C stocks by 54%–41%.

Soil acidity in 1970 and 1989 in a coniferous forest in southwest Finland

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Westman ◽  
S. Jauhiainen
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Water Suspension ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Repeated Sampling

Forest soil pH in southwest Finland was measured with identical sampling and analysing methods in 1970 and 1989. The acidity of the organic humus layer increased significantly as pH values measured on water and on salt suspensions decreased between the two sampling dates. For the mineral soil layers, no unambiguous trend was found. pH values measured on salt suspension tended to be unchanged or lower, while pH on water suspension in some soil layers were even higher in 1989 than in 1970. Key words: pH, repeated sampling

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