Estimating seed crops of conifer and hardwood species

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 832-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Rating System ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
Seed Crop ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Pacific Madrone ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Seed Crops

Cone, acorn, and berry crops of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. var. ponderosa), sugar pine (Pinuslambertiana Dougl.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), California white fir (Abiesconcolor var. lowiana (Gord.) Lemm.), incense-cedar (Libocedrusdecurrens Torr.), California black oak (Quercuskelloggii Newb.), tan oak (Lithocarpusdensiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.), and Pacific madrone (Arbutusmenziesii Pursh) were evaluated over a 24-year period (1958–1981) from an area in northern California by an easy to use visual crop rating system. Seed-trap data, also for 24 years, were gathered for four conifer species. Together, these data provide the wild-land manager with knowledge on seed-crop quantity, quality, and timing. The visual rating system involves visually estimating the amount of fruit in trees and the proportion of trees with fruit, and ranking the crop by species. Regressions of sound seed and total seed on seed-crop rating are provided for the two species with the most seed crops: ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. Regressions were significant at the 1% level, and coefficients of determination ranged from 0.58 to 0.76.

Fomesannosus stump colonization and fungus development in the California mixed-conifer type

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Hunt ◽  
Fields W. Cobb Jr. ◽  
John R. Parmeter Jr
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Colonization Patterns ◽  
Wood Bark ◽  
Fungus Development

The pattern and rate of colonization of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.) stumps and stump roots by Fomes annosus (Fr.) Karsten were determined by sampling inoculated stumps periodically. Colonization occurred in the sapwood and wood–bark interface. Downward growth was fastest in the wood–bark interface and large stump roots were completely colonized in less than 1.5 years. Comparisons were made among colonization patterns and rates in ponderosa pine, sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl.), and Douglas–fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stumps.Conidiophores were observed only during the early periods of bark loosening and were produced in 'tubes' and beetle galleries of inoculated and non-inoculated stumps. Mycelial plaques formed during the later stages of bark loosening in both inoculated and non-inoculated stumps. Basidiocarps developed on inoculated stumps within 1.5 years and on older non-inoculated stumps.

scholarly journals Influence of Ash Substrate Proximity on Growth and Survival of Planted Mixed-Conifer Seedlings

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. York ◽  
Zachary Thomas ◽  
Joseph Restaino
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
Height Gain

Abstract To address uncertainty in the performance of seedlings planted in and around postburn substrates, we systematically planted seedlings in the center of, on the edge of, and outside ash substrate footprints following burning of logging residue piles and monitored growth and survival for a decade. Five species (Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii], giant sequoia [Sequoiadendron giganteum], incense-cedar [Calocedrus decurrens], sugar pine [Pinus lambertiana], and ponderosa pine [Pinus ponderosa]) were planted in a regenerating mixed-conifer stand in the Sierra Nevada range of California. There was a positive effect of ash substrate proximity on growth that was immediate and persisted for 10 years for every species except incense-cedar. Seedlings planted in the centers of ash substrates consistently outgrew (in both height and basal diameter) seedlings that were planted either on the edges of or outside ash substrates. Douglas-fir had the greatest height gain (+47%), followed by giant sequoia (+28%), sugar pine (+23%), and ponderosa pine (+17%). Basal diameter differences were similar. No effect of ash proximity on survival was detected. Planting seedlings in the centers of ash substrates led to exceptionally larger trees by the time the stand had developed enough to apply a precommercial thin, a relevant milestone for managed stands.

scholarly journals Deterioration of Fire-Killed Timber in Southern Oregon and Northern California

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eini C. Lowell ◽  
James M. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Percent Loss ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Second Year ◽  
One Year

Abstract Deterioration of fire-killed timber in the coastal mountains of southern Oregon and northern California was monitored over a 3 yr period (1988-1990). Defect was identified and measured on felled and bucked sample trees by using Scribner and cubic scaling rules. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grand fir (Abies grandis), white fir (A. concolor),ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), covering a wide range of geographic areas, site conditions, and tree size and age, were studied. One year after death, Douglas-fir, sugar pine, and ponderosa pine had lost about 1% and the true firs 5% of their cubic volume. The sapwood of the pines was heavily stained. The occurrence of sap rot and weather checks increased the second year. Percent loss in all species was correlated with small-end scaling diameter. A logistic regression model predicting the incidence of cull was developed for use on logs that have been dead for 3 yr. West. J. Appl. For. 11(4):125-131.

Growth and ectomycorrhiza formation of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from pioneering hardwoods in southwest Oregon clear-cuts

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 712-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Borchers ◽  
David A. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Mineralizable Nitrogen ◽  
Pacific Madrone

A greenhouse bioassay was used to compare the growth, ectomycorrhiza formation, and foliar nutrient concentrations of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from hardwood species. Soil nutrient concentrations and bulk densities were also determined. The soils were collected from two southwestern Oregon sites that had been clear-cut and broadcast burned 5 years previously. The sites, poorly stocked with conifer reproduction, were occupied primarily by grasses, forbs, and scattered individuals of tanoak (Lithocarpusdensiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.), Pacific madrone (Arbutusmenziesii Pursh), and canyon line oak (Quercuschrysolepis Liebm.). Five-month-old seedlings grown in media containing mineral soil collected beneath hardwood crowns had on average 60% greater height, 2.2 times greater weight (roots plus shoots), and almost 2 times more total and ectomycorrhizal short roots than seedlings grown in media containing soil collected more than 4 m from a hardwood. Rhizopogon sp. and Cenococcumgeophilum dominated on seedlings grown in hardwood soils, and an unidentified brown ectomycorrhiza dominated on seedlings grown in open area soils. The effect of hardwoods did not vary among the three hardwood species or between the two sites. A study of soils collected at various distances from hardwoods indicated that the effect extended between 2 and 3 m. Average foliar nitrogen was higher for seedlings grown in hardwood area than in open area soils, but differences were not statistically significant. Differences in other foliar nutrients of seedlings grown on soils from beneath the three hardwood species were inconsistent. Differences in soil nutrient concentrations were also inconsistent; however, rates of mineralizable nitrogen (anaerobic) were from 2 to nearly 6 times higher in hardwood area than open area soils, and soil pH was higher. Results suggest that the pioneering hardwoods strongly influence soil biological activity in these clear-cuts and impose one or more soil patterns that favor establishment and growth of conifer seedlings.

scholarly journals Group selection management in conifer forests: relationships between opening size and tree growth

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A York ◽  
Robert C Heald ◽  
John J Battles ◽  
Jennifer D York
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Giant Sequoia

Replicated circular openings ranging in size from 0.1 to 1 ha were cleared in 1996 at Blodgett Forest Research Station, California, and planted with seedlings of six native species. After 5 years of postharvest growth, heights were measured and analyzed according to species, opening size, and location within opening. The sequence of mean height from tallest to shortest, according to species, was as follows: giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz) > incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin) > Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) ≈ ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) > sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) ≈ white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.). To describe the influence of openings size on seedling height, we use an information-theoretic approach to select from competing models that predicted fifth-year height from group selection opening size. Asymptotic fits (modeled with Michaelis–Menton curves) were selected for giant sequoia, ponderosa pine, sugar pine, and incense-cedar. Quadratic fits were selected for white fir and Douglas-fir. Linear models predicting increasing growth with opening size were consistently ruled out for all species. Although a marked depression in seedling-height growth occurred along the edges within the openings, mean annual radial increment of the 90-year-old border trees surrounding the openings increased by 30%, compared with other canopy trees in the forested matrix between openings.

scholarly journals Douglas Fir and Ponderosa Pine Seed Dormancy as Regulated by Grassland Seedbed Conditions

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuguang Bai ◽  
Don Thompson ◽  
Klaas Broersma
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir

A field experiment informs expected patterns of conifer regeneration after disturbance under changing climate conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1607-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica T. Rother ◽  
Thomas T. Veblen ◽  
Luke G. Furman
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Colorado Front Range ◽  
Front Range ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Treatment Type

Climate change may inhibit tree regeneration following disturbances such as wildfire, altering post-disturbance vegetation trajectories. We implemented a field experiment to examine the effects of manipulations of temperature and water on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings planted in a low-elevation, recently disturbed setting of the Colorado Front Range. We implemented four treatments: warmed only (Wm), watered only (Wt), warmed and watered (WmWt), and control (Co). We found that measures of growth and survival varied significantly by treatment type. Average growth and survival was highest in the Wt plots, followed by the Co, WmWt, and Wm plots, respectively. This general trend was observed for both conifer species, although average growth and survival was generally higher in ponderosa pine than in Douglas-fir. Our findings suggest that warming temperatures and associated drought are likely to inhibit post-disturbance regeneration of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir in low-elevation forests of the Colorado Front Range and that future vegetation composition and structure may differ notably from historic patterns in some areas. Our findings are relevant to other forested ecosystems in which a warming climate may similarly inhibit regeneration by dominant tree species.

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