Régénération après feu de l'épinette noire (Piceamariana) et du pin gris (Pinusbanksiana) dans la forêt boréale, Québec

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène St-Pierre ◽  
Réjean Gagnon ◽  
Pierre Bellefleur
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Postfire Regeneration ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mature Stands

Age structure analysis was performed in black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stands following fire (i) to determine if there is a time lag between black spruce and jack pine establishment and (ii) to compare the composition of the regeneration with regard to the original stand. The study was conducted in an area burnt in 1983, 100 km northwest of Lake Saint-Jean, Quebec. Five years after fire, the age structure of the regeneration shows an early establishment of jack pine and black spruce, with more than 95% of the seedlings established during the first three growing seasons after fire (excluding the year of fire). The age structures were similar in mature stands and in the regeneration for the jack pine while they differed for black spruce. Errors in age determination due to suppression of adult trees sampled or other causes could explain the difference in the establishment pattern of young and mature black spruces. Compared with the mature stand, the postfire regeneration had an increased proportion of jack pine. The study concludes that both species can regenerate shortly after fire, but in somewhat varying proportions.

Recent dynamics of jack pine at its northern distribution limit in northern Quebec

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1157-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireille Desponts ◽  
Serge Payette
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Fire Scar ◽  
Postfire Regeneration

The northernmost jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) populations in northern Quebec are located at the boreal forest–forest tundra boundary, along the Grande rivière de la Baleine, where they colonize the sandy terraces affected by recurrent fires. The recent fire history in the study area, as deduced from fire scar and age structure data, spans a 216-year period from 1773 to 1988. Forest fires occurred on the sites at intervals averaging 40 to 80 years. The analysis of 19 coniferous stands (jack pine and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) Bsp)) indicated that forest communities younger than 67 years old were open jack pine – Cladina mitis or jack pine – black spruce – C. mitis woodlands, while the oldest stands, more than 132 years old, were dominated by jack pine, black spruce, and Cladina stellaris. Stands less than 67-years-old had an age structure almost normally distributed and regeneration often occurred within less than 30 years after fire in both species, while most stands older than 132 years had a multiaged structure. In sites with a prolonged fire-free interval, jack pine was overgrown by black spruce. Spruce woodlands have developed on sites where the organic layer was relatively thick and continuous and they are the end result of the postfire successional process. However, at several sites both conifer species showed an ability to regenerate in prolonged absence of fire disturbance, particularly in open sites with exposed mineral substrates. At the regional scale, fire frequency during the last 200 years has been high enough to prevent pine exclusion at its range limit. The key requirement for the long-term maintenance of jack pine populations is that fires return at intervals shorter than the average life-span of individual trees. It is concluded that the northernmost jack pine populations are able to maintain and regenerate under present fire conditions. Key words: fire, subarctic, jack pine, postfire regeneration, boreal forest.

scholarly journals Allometric Equations for Estimating Biomass and Carbon Stocks in Afforested Open Woodlands with Black Spruce and Jack Pine, in the Eastern Canadian Boreal Forest

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Olivier Fradette ◽  
Charles Marty ◽  
Pascal Tremblay ◽  
Daniel Lord ◽  
Jean-François Boucher
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Allometric Equations ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Canadian Boreal Forest

Allometric equations use easily measurable biometric variables to determine the aboveground and belowground biomasses of trees. Equations produced for estimating the biomass within Canadian forests at a large scale have not yet been validated for eastern Canadian boreal open woodlands (OWs), where trees experience particular environmental conditions. In this study, we harvested 167 trees from seven boreal OWs in Quebec, Canada for biomass and allometric measurements. These data show that Canadian national equations accurately predict the whole aboveground biomass for both black spruce and jack pine trees, but underestimated branches biomass, possibly owing to a particular tree morphology in OWs relative to closed-canopy stands. We therefore developed ad hoc allometric equations based on three power models including diameter at breast height (DBH) alone or in combination with tree height (H) as allometric variables. Our results show that although the inclusion of H in the model yields better fits for most tree compartments in both species, the difference is minor and does not markedly affect biomass C stocks at the stand level. Using these newly developed equations, we found that carbon stocks in afforested OWs varied markedly among sites owing to differences in tree growth and species. Nine years after afforestation, jack pine plantations had accumulated about five times more carbon than black spruce plantations (0.14 vs. 0.80 t C·ha−1), highlighting the much larger potential of jack pine for OW afforestation projects in this environment.

scholarly journals Jack Pine Regeneration Following Postcut Burning under Seed Trees in Central Saskatchewan

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Chrosciewicz
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Slash Burning

An experimental burn in conjunction with a seed-tree system was successful in regenerating jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) on a fresh to somewhat moist upland, loamy till, cutover site in central Saskatchewan. About 20 well-formed, uniformly spaced seed trees per hectare were left standing during timber harvest. The ignition of logging slash was carried out under preselected weather and fuel conditions so that favorable seedbeds and adequate seed dispersal from the seed trees were produced. Four growing seasons after burning, jack pine stocking by 4-m2 quadrats was 90% with 12 195 seedlings/ha. Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), to a lesser degree black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.), and other companion tree species also regenerated with the pine. Various seedbed and regeneration characteristics as well as height growth rates are discussed. Key words: Pinus banksiana, slash burning, seed-tree system, forest regeneration, growth rates, central Saskatchewan.

scholarly journals Fine roots and ectomycorrhizal colonization in black spruce subjected to reductions in soil moisture

Botany ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Rossi ◽  
Éliane Couture ◽  
Xavier Plante ◽  
Hubert Morin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Mature Stands

Growth and survival of boreal tree species depends on fungal symbionts, namely mycorrhizas. Owing to their rapid turnover, fine roots and their symbionts can be prompt and sensitive indicators of the effects of environmental changes on forest ecosystems. We investigated how a reduction in soil moisture influences the fine roots and ectomycorrhizas (ECM) of black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] after 3 years of rain exclusion in four mature stands of the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. Rain was excluded with transparent plastic under-canopy covers installed during the growing seasons 2010–2012. Soil moisture was strongly affected by the treatment, with water content being reduced from 40% to 21% on average. As expected, the experimental trees showed a decrease in the proportion of vital root tips and ECM with respect to controls. The proportion of vital ECM was also globally reduced from 73.8% to 68.6%, but the effects of the treatment were only significant in two sites. The expected drier conditions due to current warming will likely influence the presence of mycorrhizas, with potential consequences on the root vitality of boreal tree species.

Comparing natural and planted black spruce seedlings. I. Water relations and growth

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2427-2434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Y. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Difference

Container-grown black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seedlings were planted during 2 consecutive years alongside natural black spruce seedlings of similar initial height on an upland boreal forest clearcut. Acclimation of the planted seedlings to site conditions was followed by comparing needle conductance, shoot water potential, and growth of the planted seedlings to values obtained on the natural seedlings. Relative growth rates of the newly planted seedlings were significantly lower than those of the natural seedlings, but the difference was smaller during their second season in the field. Predawn and midday shoot water potential as well as midday needle conductance showed significant but relatively small differences between planted and natural seedlings during both years. On any given date of measurement, no clear relation could be found between water status and growth in planted seedlings. Seasonal midday averages of shoot water potential, needle conductance, and soil–plant resistance to water movement were related to the relative growth rates of all seedling types over the course of the two growing seasons. Seasonal averages of midday shoot water potential appeared to best reflect the acclimation of the planted seedlings to site conditions.

La Régénération préétablie dans les peuplements forestiers naturels au Québec

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Doucet
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Mature Stands ◽  
Forest Cover Types

The type and abundance of advance growth has been evaluated in 421 areas representing the major forest cover types in Quebec. Advance growth has been found to be abundant in mature stands of every cover type, except jack pine, and in all ecological zones. However its composition varied with cover types: balsam fir was the main species of advance growth in fir and mixedwood stands, while black spruce dominated advance growth in black spruce and jack pine stands. Most of the black spruce advance growth was from layer origin, especially in the black spruce ecological zone. Key words: Québec, regeneration.

scholarly journals Five-Year Performance of Three Conifer Stock Types on Fine Sandy Loam Soils Treated With Hexazinone

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Pitt ◽  
C. Stern Krishka ◽  
F. W. Bell ◽  
A. Lehela
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Thunder Bay ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control

Abstract In May 1987, hexazinone (Velpar® L) was applied by helicopter at 0, 1, 2, and 4 kg active ingredient (a.i.) in 45 L of total solution per ha to a sandy loam site approximately 74 km northwest of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Container (FH408 paper pot)jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and container (FH408 paper pot) and bareroot (1½ + 1½) black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) were hot-planted 1 month and deferred-planted 12 months after herbicide application. Survival, height, and diameter growth were monitored annually, through the fall of 1991. Jack pine container stock planted 1 month after hexazinone treatment at 2 and 4 kg a.i./ha suffered 12% greater mortality than trees planted 1 yr later. However, the benefits of early establishment and herbaceous weed control offset these early losses and hot-planted areas supported equal volumes at age 4, and 2.3-fold more volume per ha than deferred-planted areas 5 growing seasons after herbicide treatment. Black spruce container and bareroot stock exhibited high tolerance to hexazinone throughout the range of rates tested. Overall, a 1 yr delay in planting resulted in stem and stand volumes that were less than half of those observed in hot-planted areas. Growth response was positively related to the level of herbaceous weed control achieved, with 4 kg treated areas supporting volumes 2- to 4-fold greater than those on untreated areas. The data illustrate significant growth advantages associated with early crop establishment and herbaceous weed control. North. J. Appl. For. 16(2):72-81.

Field performance of black spruce and jack pine inoculated with selected species of ectomycorrhizal fungi

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1974-1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H.R. Browning ◽  
Roy D. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Initial Size ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Foliar Concentrations

Seedlings of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) were inoculated with fragmented hyphae of one of five species of ectomycorrhizal fungi and outplanted on reforestation sites after 14 weeks of growth in the nursery. Black spruce were planted on a peatland site and a stony loam site; jack pine were planted on the same stony loam site and on a sandy site. Inoculation of both species with Laccariaproximo (Boud.) Maire resulted in significantly better shoot growth compared with uninoculated seedlings over a 2-year period on all sites. Hebelomacylindrosporum Romagn. improved the height growth of black spruce on the peatland site and of jack pine on the stony loam site after 2 years. Laccariabicolor (Maire) Orton also improved the height growth of jack pine on the stony loam after 2 years. Black spruce inoculated with L. bicolor were significantly smaller than uninoculated seedlings. Size differences present in black spruce at outplanting persisted for two growing seasons, whereas initial size did not predict the field performance of jack pine. Inoculation of black spruce with L. proxima resulted in higher foliar concentrations of K and Zn compared with uninoculated seedlings on the peatland site. Foliar concentrations of N, P, K, and Zn in jack pine inoculated with L. proxima were significantly higher than those of uninoculated seedlings at the stony loam site. All inoculated fungi (except Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch, which did not form mycorrhizae) remained on the root systems for two growing seasons, but their presence declined sharply in the 2nd year. Laccariabicolor was the most persistent mycobiont on root systems of both tree species. Colonization of black spruce by indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungi was faster on the stony loam site than on the peatland site. The diversity of wild ectomycorrhizae on the planted seedlings was higher on both the peatland and sand sites than on the stony loam site.

scholarly journals Evaluating Height‐Age Determination Methods for Jack Pine and Black Spruce Plantations Using Stem Analysis Data

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirmal Subedi ◽  
Mahadev Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Prediction Bias ◽  
Height Prediction ◽  
Determination Methods

Abstract Six height‐age determination methods (Graves, Lenhart, Carmean, Newberry, ratio, and ISSA) were evaluated for their accuracy and sensitivity to sample size in determining height‐age pairs using stem analysis data from plantation-grown black spruce (Picea mariana[Mill.] B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees from Ontario, Canada. Twenty-three disks (sections) were used from 102 jack pine and 93 black spruce trees each for evaluation. The Graves, ratio, and Newberry methods were unbiased for determining height‐age pairs forboth black spruce and jack pine across the site productivity gradient and different crown classes. However, on the basis of the magnitude of height prediction bias, reconstructed tree profiles, and the amount of information required for height‐age determination, the Graves method withat least 13 stem sections is recommended for height‐age determination.

Black spruce and jack pine dynamics simulated under varying fire cycles in the northern boreal forest of Quebec, Canada

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 2399-2409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héloïse Le Goff ◽  
Luc Sirois
Keyword(s):  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Fire Cycle ◽  
Regeneration Dynamics ◽  
Postfire Regeneration ◽  
Fire Intervals

The postfire regeneration dynamics of black spruce and jack pine were documented by a study of three successive cohorts (woody debris, snags, seedlings) within a large area burnt in 1989. The objectives of this study were (i) to describe how fire interval can influence the abundance of regenerating black spruce and jack pine and (ii) to model the future abundance trends of these two species for fire cycles of different lengths. The transition probabilities after fire were calculated for mixed stands of black spruce and jack pine for fire intervals of 47 and 67 years in well-drained sites and for fire intervals varying between 92 and 270 years in poorly drained sites. These probabilities were incorporated into a model of regeneration dynamics that took into account the drainage type, the regeneration potential, and the natural mortality rate of both species. After the 1989 fire, jack pine seedlings made up 55%–82% of the regeneration in well-drained sites and 11%–40% in poorly drained sites. Model simulations show that fire intervals <60 years lead to the local extinction of black spruce, and those >220 years lead to that of jack pine. The simulation results also suggest that jack pine could expand its populations under a fire cycle of 50 years or after short fire intervals during longer fire cycles. Thus, in the short term and medium term (i.e., ca. <100 years), the length of the interval between two consecutive fires is a better predictor of the abundance, extinction, or local expansion of black spruce and jack pine than the fire cycle.

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