Condition of the fine roots of sugar maple in different stages of decline

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Bauce ◽  
Douglas C. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Crown Dieback ◽  
Apparently Healthy

An 85-year-old even-aged northern hardwood stand was studied to elucidate relations between the crown condition of declining sugar maples, Acersaccharum Marsh., and the condition of maple fine roots. Declining sugar maples had lower fine-root biomass and fewer rootlet tips than apparently healthy trees. However, rootlet mortality did not differ significantly between crown dieback classes. Damage to fine roots caused by Ctenophora sp. was significantly greater on trees in advanced stages of decline.

Role of Armillaria calvescens and Glycobius speciosus in a sugar maple decline

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Bauce ◽  
Douglas C. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
One Year ◽  
Crown Dieback ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Sugar maple, Acersaccharum Marsh., decline may be reversible during early stages before secondary insects and fungi invade stressed trees. Treatment with boric acid reduced the regenerative capacity of Armillariacalvescens Bérubé & Dessureault rhizomorphs and the percent infection of trembling aspen, Populustremuloides Michx., stakes used as a bioassay. One year after treatment, crown condition and cambial electrical resistance of trees initially in early stages of crown dieback improved compared with controls. The crown condition of sugar maples previously attacked by the sugar maple borer, Glycobiusspeciosus (Say), did not improve during 5 years of observation, whereas 18% of uninfested trees in similar initial crown condition did improve. Sugar maple borer was more abundant in declining trees [Formula: see text] than is typical of nondeclining infested trees [Formula: see text]. Declining trees had more sugar maple borer damage than apparently healthy trees (no evidence of crown dieback). The borer and the fungus are important contributing agents that prevent recovery of many declining sugar maples.

Temporal change (1988–1990) in sugar maple health, and factors associated with crown condition

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1776-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas C. Allen ◽  
Charles J. Barnett ◽  
Imants Millers ◽  
Denis Lachance
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Temporal Change ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Crown Transparency ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Foliage Density ◽  
Crown Dieback

Change in the health of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) and associated northern hardwoods was evaluated for 3 years (1988–1990) in seven states and four provinces. Generally, levels of crown dieback and crown transparency (a measure of foliage density) in 165 stands decreased during this period. In 1990, less than 7% of all dominant–codominant sugar maples (n = 7317) exhibited crown dieback ≥ 20%. Significantly (p = 0.05) fewer of these maples were classified as having high crown transparency (≥ 30%) in 1990 compared with 1988. Crowns of maples that received moderate (31–60%) or heavy (> 60%) pear thrips (Taeniothripsinconsequens (Uzel)) damage for 1 year recovered the following year. Crowns of maples exposed to severe drought in 1988 (Wisconsin) continued to show the effects (high transparency) of this stress in 1990. A majority (69–71%) of the dominant–codominant sugar maples with high (≥ 20%) crown dieback had bole and (or) root damage. Of those maples with crown dieback ≥ 50%, 86% had bole and (or) root damage. The condition of sugar maple in operating sugar bushes and undisturbed stands was similar. The condition of sugar maple crowns was similar in locations presumably exposed to low, medium, and high levels of sulfate deposition.

Fine root biomass and nutrient content in a black spruce peat soil with and without alder

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Bhatti ◽  
N. W. Foster ◽  
P. W. Hazlett
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Boreal Peatlands ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship

Vertical distribution of fine root biomass and nutrient content was examined within a black spruce (Picea mariana) stand growing on a boreal peat soil in northeastern Ontario. The influence of site physical and chemical properties on fine root biomass production was assessed. More then 80% of the fine roots were present in moss plus the top 10 cm of peat where nutrients and aeration are most favourable. The fine root biomass (W/V) was significantly higher with alder (5.9 kg m−3) (Alnus rugosa) as understory vegetation compared to non-alder locations (2.9 kg m−3). Total nutrient content in fine roots was 54, 3.2, 5.4, 63 and 5.7 kg ha−1 on the alder site and 20, 1.4, 2.3, 28 and 4.2 kg ha−1 of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg on the non-alder site, respectively. The mass (W/V) of nutrients in fine roots was strongly dependent upon the availability of nutrients in the peat. Fine root content had a strong positive relationship with peat available P and exchangeable K contents suggesting that P and K may be limiting nutrients for black spruce in this peat soil. Key words: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boreal peatlands, aeration, water table

scholarly journals Desiccation Tolerance of Green Ash and Sugar Maple Fine Roots

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Root Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Exposed fine roots are subject to desiccation, which may affect their survival as well as new root growth following bare root transplanting. Fine roots of dormant 1-year-old green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings, subjected to desiccation treatments of 0, 1, 2, or 3 hours in December and March, lost up to 82 percent of their water. Root electrolyte leakage, a measure of cell damage, tripled after three hours of desiccation. The increase was moderately, but significantly, greater in March for both species. Desiccation treatments had no effect on fine root survival. Growth of new roots (RGP) was also unaffected by desiccation treatments. RGP of maple was greater in March than December, but not ash.

scholarly journals A Survey to Evaluate Crown Condition of Forest, Roadside, and Urban Maple Trees in Ontario, 1987-1995

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Hopkin ◽  
Gordon M. Howse
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Northern Forest ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
Forest Condition ◽  
General Improvement ◽  
Shallow Soils ◽  
Crown Dieback ◽  
Stem Cankers

Abstract Surveys of sugar maple trees, conducted in Ontario between 1987 and 1995, showed a general improvement in crown condition after 1990. Plots on the shallow soils of the Precambrian shield in central Ontario showed the highest levels of crown dieback in all years. This area was also defoliated at moderate-to-severe levels in 1988. Dieback levels on undefoliated plots were high in 1987-1988, but plots improved after 1988. Defoliated plots showed no improvement, and dieback remained high through 1995. Crown dieback was lower in forest and urban situations than at roadside plots. Roadside plots showed high levels of dieback and should be considered poor indicators of forest condition. Pest damage was recorded on all plot types. Sugar maple in both urban and roadside locations had a higher incidence of stem defects, stem canker, and stem insect damage than trees in forest plots. Root rots were most prevalent at roadside locations. Stem cankers, stem defects, and root rot were most common in the northern forest plots. North. J. Appl. For. 15(3): 141-145.

scholarly journals Effect of Altitude on Nutrient Concentration, Nutrient Stock and Uptake in Fine Root of Sal (Shorea Robusta Gaertn.) Forest in Terai and Hill Areas of Eastern Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai ◽  
Tej Narayan Mandal ◽  
Tilak Prasad Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Nutrient Stock ◽  
Sal Forest

The present study was conducted to understand the effect of altitude on the nutrient concentration, nutrient stock, and uptake in the fine root of the Terai Sal forest (TSF) and Hill Sal forest (HSF) in eastern Nepal. Annual mean fine root biomass in 0-30 cm soil depth was found higher in HSF (6.27 Mg ha-1) than TSF (5.05 Mg ha-1). Conversely, fine root production was higher in TSF (4.8 Mg ha-1 y-1) than HSF (4.12 Mg ha-1 y-1). Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in fine roots were slightly higher in TSF than HSF. Nutrient concentration in fine roots of smaller size (<2 mm diameter) was nearly 1.2 times greater than that of larger size (2–5 mm diameter) in both forests. In HSF total stock of different nutrients (kg ha-1) in fine root was 55.62 N, 4.99 P, and 20.15 K whereas, these values were 49.49 N, 4.14 P, and 19.27 K only in TSF. However, total nutrient uptake (kg ha-1y-1) by fine root (both size classes) was greater in TSF (48.5 N, 4.3 P, and 18.6 K) than HSF (36.9 N, 3.3 P, and 13.5 K). The variability in fine root nutrient dynamics between these two forests was explained by the differences in fine root biomass and production which were influenced by the combined effect of varied altitude and season. The fine root, as being a greater source of organic matter, the information on its nutrient dynamics is inevitable for the management of soil nutrients in the forest ecosystem.

Endomycorrhizal status of sugar maple in relation to tree decline and foliar, fine-roots, and soil chemistry in the Beauce region, Quebec

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1168-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rock Ouimet ◽  
Claude Camiré ◽  
Valentin Furlan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Tree Decline

The Beauce region of Quebec has been relentlessly affected by sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) tree decline since the late 1970s. Nutrient disturbances are generally associated with maple decline, but the severity of decline symptoms can vary quite dramatically between individuals within a stand. Possible causes of this variability were investigated, including soil chemistry and endomycorrhization. Within 18 mature sugar maple stands, a comparative study of fine root colonization rate by endomycorrhizal fungi, and foliar, fine-roots, and soil-nutrient status between healthy and declining sugar maple trees was carried out. Three individuals showing a very low degree of decline symptoms (healthy) and three individuals in the vicinity exhibiting severe decline symptoms (declining) were selected in each stand. Although trees of both health classes were K and Ca deficient, the diagnosis revealed that those in the declining group were experiencing a more severe nutrient stress and lower stem radial growth than those in the healthy group. The percent colonization by endomycorrhizal fungi in fine roots of sugar maple varied from 8 to 40% among stands, with an average of 23%. However, the endomycorrhization rate was not related to tree health status. The frequency of endomycorrhization was positively correlated to soil pH and soil exchangeable Mg saturation, but negatively to the proportion of H + Al held on the soil exchange complex. Also, the rate of endomycorrhization was correlated positively to foliar and root Ca content, but negatively to foliar and root N content. Foliar N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn contents were positively correlated to corresponding nutrient content in fine roots. Fine-root chemistry was only partly related to soil chemistry. Declining trees had a lower foliar K content and a lower P and Ca content in fine roots than healthy ones. The results do not support the hypothesis that sugar maple decline and its disturbed nutrient status is associated with lower colonization by endomycorrhizal fungi in fine roots. They suggest, however, that soil chemical properties, particularly the soil composition in cations, regulates fine-root colonization by endomycorrhizal fungi and sugar maple nutrition and health. These results can neither confirm nor invalidate the hypothesis according to which a deleterious microbial population may have colonized the soil under declining trees. Key words: Acer saccharum, soil cation saturation, forest decline, nutrient status, fine root, endomycorrhizae.

Identifying roots of northern hardwood species: patterns with diameter and depth

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2862-2869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth D. Yanai ◽  
Melany C. Fisk ◽  
Timothy J. Fahey ◽  
Natalie L. Cleavitt ◽  
Byung B. Park
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Diagnostic Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference

Forest canopies are often stratified by species; little is known about the depth distribution of tree roots in mixed stands because they are not readily identified by species. We used diagnostic characteristics of wood anatomy and gross morphology to distinguish roots by species and applied these methods to test for differences in the rooting depth of sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.), American beech ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), and yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) in two northern hardwood forests. We also distinguished hobblebush ( Viburnum lantanoides Michx.) and white ash ( Fraxinus americana L.) roots. Analysis of plastid DNA fragment lengths confirmed that 90% of the roots were correctly identified. The vertical distribution of fine roots of these species differed by 2–4 cm in the median root depth (P = 0.03). There was a significant difference in the distribution of roots by size class, with fine roots (0–2 mm) being more concentrated near the soil surface than coarser roots (2–5 mm; P = 0.004). The two sites differed by <2 cm in median rooting depths (P = 0.02). The visual identification of roots for the main tree species in the northern hardwood forest allows species-specific questions to be posed for belowground processes.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variation in Fine Root Biomass, Productivity and Turnover in Shorea Robusta Along the Gradient of Tree Girth Size

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachita Pandey ◽  
Surendra Singh Bargali ◽  
Kiran Bargali
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Fine roots (≤ 2 mm of diameter) contribute diminutive fractions of the overall tree biomass but are highly zestful and functionally remarkable component for assessing forest carbon and nutrient budgets. This study assessed how tree girth influenced fine root biomass (FRB), production (FRP) and turnover rate (FRT) in sub tropical sal forest.Four sites (S1, S2, S3, S4) were established in the bhabhar region of Nainital district, Uttarakhand, India within an elevational range of 405m and 580m. On the basis of girth size, sal trees were categorized in five girth size classes. Fine roots were sampled seasonally to a depth of 60 cm and divided into 3 layers (0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm).FRB was significantly affected by tree girth size (p< 0.05) while FRP and FRT showed insignificant effect. FRB was higher in lower girth classes (A-C) as compared to higher girth classes (D-E).Seasonal variation of FRB in all girth sizes showed a keen resemblance as the standing FRB reached pinnacle during rainy season and reached bottom-line in the winter season. Maximum FRB was reported for uppermost organo-mineralic soil depth (0-20 cm) at 1 m distance from tree bole and decreased with increasing soil depth and distance from tree bole while FRT showed a reverse trend. The present study will provide a holistic outlook on variations in FRB, FRP and FRT and the impact of edaphic characteristics and tree girth on fine root dynamics with respect to the studied forest stands.

scholarly journals RAINFALL REGIME ON FINE ROOT GROWTH IN A SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FOREST

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 458-469
Author(s):  
EUNICE MAIA DE ANDRADE ◽  
GILBERTO QUEVEDO ROSA ◽  
ALDENIA MENDES MASCENA DE ALMEIDA ◽  
ANTONIO GIVANILSON RODRIGUES DA SILVA ◽  
MARIA GINA TORRES SENA
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
Fine Root Length ◽  
Fine Root Growth

ABSTRACT Seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) usually present dry seasons of eight or more months. Considering the concerns about the resilience of SDTF to climate changes, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the rainfall regime on fine root growth in a SDTF. The experiment started at the end of the wet season (July 2015), when fine roots were evaluated and ingrowth cores were implemented. The temporal growth of fine roots in the 0-30 cm soil layer was monitored, considering the 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm sublayers, through six samplings from November 2015 to July 2017. The characteristics evaluated were fine root biomass, fine root length, fine root specific length, and fine root mean diameter. The significances of the root growths over time and space were tested by the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05). Fine roots (Ø<2 mm) were separated and dried in an oven (65 °C) until constant weight. The root length was determined using the Giaroots software. The fine root biomass in July 2015 was 7.7±5.0 Mg ha-1 and the length was 5.0±3.2 km m-2. Fine root growth in SDTF is strongly limited by dry periods, occurring decreases in biomass and length of fine roots in all layers evaluated. Fine root growth occurs predominantly in rainy seasons, with fast response of the root system to rainfall events, mainly in root length.

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