Resistance, tolerance, and yield of western black cottonwood infected by Melampsora rust

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wang ◽  
B.J. van der Kamp
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Significant Discovery ◽  
The Relationship

Potted ramets of 14 western black cottonwood (Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray) clones from southern British Columbia were inoculated with Melampsoraoccidentalis H. Jacks to produce a range of disease severities, and their size and dry weight were determined after 1 or 2 years. Response to inoculation varied significantly between clones. Clones from drier interior locations were less resistant than those from coastal or moister interior locations. Local- (within leaf) or systemic-induced resistance was not detected. Yield (total dry weight) decreased linearly with disease severity. Percent reduction in yield was greater than the cumulative percent leaf area infected for all clones. Yield losses were substantial: dry weights of ramets with disease severity levels similar to those experienced by natural cottonwood populations were about 75% of controls; heavily infected ramets were <50% of controls. Stem:root ratios increased rapidly with increasing disease severity in all clones, and at significantly different rates. Severe infection resulted in substantial mortality in the following winter and reduced initial stem volume growth in the following growing season. Tolerance, defined as the relationship between disease severity and yield, varied significantly between clones. The most significant discovery of this study was that tolerance and resistance were correlated, greater tolerance being associated with reduced resistance. The concepts of resistance, tolerance, and disease hazard, as quantified in this study, can be used to predict yield and to select the most appropriate clones for different disease hazard conditions.

The relationship between evapotranspiration and growth in the wheat crop

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Fischer ◽  
GD Kohn
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Evapotranspiration Rate ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
The Relationship

In trials conducted in 1961 and 1962 at Wagga in southern New South Wales, to investigate the yield physiology of wheat, the variety Heron was grown under various cultural treatments. This paper deals with the relationship of evapotranspiration to crop growth. Vegetative growth at a given date in the spring was influenced markedly by time of sowing and fertilizer application, and to a lesser extent by sowing rate. Large differences in vegetative growth caused relatively small differences in evapotranspiration rate when soil moisture was adequate. An increase in total dry weight of 100 g/m² in early October was associated with an increase in cumulative evapotranspiration up to that time of about 0.50 in. It was concluded that although a reduced fertilizer application and reduced sowing rate (below 3b lb seed per acre) permitted higher soil moisture levels at flowering, this necessarily involved a considerable reduction in total dry weight at flowering. With delayed time of sowing, the post-flowering moisture status of the crop can be expected to deteriorate, primarily because of delayed flowering date.

scholarly journals Keefektifan beberapa teknik pengendalian untuk menekan intensitas penyakit busuk buah (Phytophthora palmivora) di lapang Several technique to control the intensity of cocoa pod rot disease (Pytophthora palmivora) in the field

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul WAHAB ◽  
Muhammad TAUFIK ◽  
La Ode Santiaji BANDE ◽  
Irma KRESNAWATY
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Fruit Samples

AbstractVarious factors causing the decreasing in the cocoa  production, and one of them is the infection of cocoa pod disease (CPD) caused by the pathogen of  Phytophthora palmivora. Plastic covered and coating with biokaolin can be used as techniques for the prevention of the diseases. The aim of  the research was to evaluate several techniques to control cocoa pod disease in order to reduce disease incidence, disease severity and yield loss of 100 seeds cocoa. This research was conducted in the village of Tokai, District of Poli-Polia, East Kolaka Southeast Sulawesi, from April to August 2013. The research was conducted according completely Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five treatments and four groups in order to obtain 20 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of  20 trees which each has five fruits so in total each unit consist of 100 fruit samples. The treatments tested were as follows; control (M0), biokaolin application every two weeks (M1), biokaolin application every four weeks (M2), plastic covered (M3), and mankozeb fungicide application every two weeks (M4). Variables observed in this study were the incidence of disease, severity of disease and yield loss was calculated by weighing the dry weight of 100 seeds. The results showed that the application of biokaolin every two weeks was more  effective to reduce disease incidence (26.12%) and disease severity (11.04%) while the average weight of the highest dry bean yield loss was on category of severe infection that is 74.96% with the lowest dry weight is 26.6 g in 100 seeds.  Abstrak   Berbagai faktor menjadi penyebab turunnya produksi buah kakao, salah satunya adanya infeksi penyakit busuk buah kakao (BBK) yang disebabkan oleh pathogen  Phytophthora palmivora. Teknik yang dapat dikembangkan untuk penanggulangan penyakit antara lain teknik penyelubungan dan pelapisan dengan biokaolin. Penelitian ini  ber-tujuan untuk mengevaluasi berbagai teknik pengendalian penyakit busuk buah kakao yang efektif menekan kejadian penyakit, keparahan penyakit dan besarnya kehilangan hasil berat 100 biji kering. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Tokai, Kecamatan Poli-Polia, Kabupaten Kolaka Timur, Sulawesi Tenggara pada bulan April sampai Agustus 2013. Metode yang digunakan berdasar-kan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan lima perlakuan dalam empat kelompok sehingga diperoleh 20 unit percobaan.  Setiap unit percobaan terdiri dari 20 pohon, dalam satu pohon terdiri dari lima sampel sehingga dalam 1 unit terdiri dari 100 sampel.  Perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah sebagai berikut; tanpa penyemprotan/penyelubungan (kontrol)  (M0), penyemprotan dengan biokaolin setiap dua minggu (M1), penyemprotan dengan biokaolin setiap empat minggu (M2), penyelubung-an dengan kantong plastik (M3), penyemprotan dengan fungisida mankozeb setiap dua minggu (M4). Parameter yang diamati  adalah kejadian penyakit, keparahan penyakit dan besarnya kehilangan hasil dihitung dengan menimbang berat 100 biji kering. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik pengendalian penyakit busuk buah dengan aplikasi biokaolin setiap dua minggu rata-rata lebih efektif dalam menekan kejadian   penyakit yaitu (26,12%)  dan  keparahan  penyakit  (11,04%), sedangkan rata-rata besarnya kehilanganhasil berat biji kering tertinggi terlihat pada kategori infeksi berat yaitu 74,96%  dengan berat kering terendah yaitu 26,6 g dalam100 biji.

Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) and Pale Smartweed (Polygonum lapathifolium) Interference in Field Crops

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. O'Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Polygonum Lapathifolium ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Field experiments were conducted at Vegreville, Alberta in 1984, 1985, 1986, and 1988 to determine the effects of green foxtail and pale smartweed on yield of wheat, barley, and canola. There was considerable variation among years in the response of crop yield to both weeds and in the relationship between weed dry weight and weed density. Mostly relationships between crop yield and either weed density or dry weight were poor, suggesting that the weeds competed weakly with the crops. Thus density or dry weight may be poor predictors of crop yield losses due to green foxtail or pale smartweed. Where the crops emerged ahead of these weeds, and where soil moisture was not a limiting factor, crop yield losses were minimal and control with herbicides probably uneconomical. In some instances, growth and development of the weeds was suppressed by the crops to the extent that little or no weed dry matter was present at crop maturity. This was most evident with barley, and where the crops emerged ahead of the weeds.

Early progeny testing and evaluation of controlled crosses of black spruce

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1442-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianne J. Williams ◽  
Bruce P. Dancik ◽  
Richard P. Pharis
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Shoot Height

Known parent F1 crosses of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill) B.S.P.) were ranked in field progeny tests at ages 7 to 13 years for height and stem volume growth. Nine crosses, including two selfs, were chosen for early juvenile progeny testing in a glasshouse environment. Performance of early seedling growth for the same nine families grown under both field and glasshouse conditions were thus compared in a retrospective study. Juvenile–mature correlations were established between a number of traits associated with tree growth and vigor. Within the nine families there was a ranking from "fast"- to "slow"-growing family groups. Monthly measurements of morphological characters at ages 3 to 6 months in the glasshouse showed highly significant family variation for total height, root collar diameter, lateral branch number, needle number, volume, branch length, and shoot, root, and total seedling dry weights. Weekly application of gibberellin A4/7(GA4/7) beginning at age 3 months influenced 5- and 6-month shoot volume and shoot height, and final dry weight measurements (age 6 months). Height growth of the four slowest growing families (two outcrossed, two selfed) was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased by GA4/7 application, but the hormone had no significant effect on height growth of the five faster-growing families (all out-crossed). This may indicate that endogenous gibberellins are not limiting for height growth of faster growing families, but may be limiting for height growth of slower growing families. Simple correlations were highly significant between age 7 to 13 years for field height measurements, and 13-year field volume, versus glasshouse height, stem volume, and the several dry weight measurements at age 6 months. Similarly, Spearman rank order correlations were also significant. These strong correlations between early growth in the glasshouse environment and that of field growth (age 7 to 13 years) suggest that the poorest growing crosses can be identified in a juvenile growth progeny tets under glasshouse conditions by at least age 6 months. Rogueing of the poorest performers as a result of glasshouse testing would thus be at least as reliable as rogueing based on 13 years of field assessment. Selected families for such tests should of course come from similar latitudes and elevations

Yield losses in canola in response to blackleg disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 488-494
Author(s):  
Yixiao Wang ◽  
Stephen E. Strelkov ◽  
Sheau-Fang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leptosphaeria Maculans ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Blackleg Disease ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
The Relationship

Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. & De Not., is an important disease of canola (Brassica napus L.) worldwide. In Canada, blackleg is managed mainly by the cultivation of resistant or moderately resistant canola hybrids. Field experiments were conducted in Edmonton, AB, Canada, in 2017 and 2018 to determine the relationship between blackleg disease severity and yield in the moderately resistant canola hybrids ‘73-15RR’ and ‘1950RR’. Blackleg severity was rated on a 0–5 scale, where 0 = no disease and 5 = plant death. Regression analysis showed that relationships between disease severity and pod number and seed yield were best explained by second-degree quadratic equations in all site-years for both cultivars. Percentage yield loss increased by 18%–99% and 26%–86% in plants of ‘73-15RR’ and ‘1950RR’, respectively, with disease severities of 2–5 compared with plants with severities of 0–1. An improved knowledge of the relationship between blackleg severity and yield losses is important for a more accurate evaluation of the agronomic efficacy and economic benefits of control measures.

scholarly journals Nitrogen-Yield Relationships in Greenhouse Roses

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 789C-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul I. Cabrera ◽  
Richard Y. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
N Application ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Flower Yield ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
The Relationship

The establishment of critical tissue N (Ncrit) for greenhouse rose production has been primarily based on visual symptoms of N deficiency, with relatively less consideration to yield parameters. This work examined the relationship between rose leaf N concentration and flower yield and quality. Microlysimeter-grown `Royalty' rose plants were irrigated with complete nutrient solutions containing N concentrations of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 220 mg·liter–1. Results after 1 year indicated no significant differences in total dry weight, number of flowers, and stem length for plants irrigated with 90 to 220 mg·liter–1 N. Tissue N concentrations were significantly lower for plants that received 30 or 60 mg N/liter. Estimated Ncrit for yield parameters were ≈2.7% of leaf dry weight. Chlorophyll content and color leaf attributes (hue, chroma, and value) were correlated with tissue N concentration. The results suggest that the rate of N application typically recommended for greenhouse roses is considerably higher than necessary.

scholarly journals Keefektifan beberapa teknik pengendalian untuk menekan intensitas penyakit busuk buah (Phytophthora palmivora) di lapang Several technique to control the intensity of cocoa pod rot disease (Pytophthora palmivora) in the field

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul WAHAB ◽  
Muhammad TAUFIK ◽  
La Ode Santiaji BANDE ◽  
Irma KRESNAWATY
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Fruit Samples

AbstractVarious factors causing the decreasing in the cocoa  production, and one of them is the infection of cocoa pod disease (CPD) caused by the pathogen of  Phytophthora palmivora. Plastic covered and coating with biokaolin can be used as techniques for the prevention of the diseases. The aim of  the research was to evaluate several techniques to control cocoa pod disease in order to reduce disease incidence, disease severity and yield loss of 100 seeds cocoa. This research was conducted in the village of Tokai, District of Poli-Polia, East Kolaka Southeast Sulawesi, from April to August 2013. The research was conducted according completely Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five treatments and four groups in order to obtain 20 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of  20 trees which each has five fruits so in total each unit consist of 100 fruit samples. The treatments tested were as follows; control (M0), biokaolin application every two weeks (M1), biokaolin application every four weeks (M2), plastic covered (M3), and mankozeb fungicide application every two weeks (M4). Variables observed in this study were the incidence of disease, severity of disease and yield loss was calculated by weighing the dry weight of 100 seeds. The results showed that the application of biokaolin every two weeks was more  effective to reduce disease incidence (26.12%) and disease severity (11.04%) while the average weight of the highest dry bean yield loss was on category of severe infection that is 74.96% with the lowest dry weight is 26.6 g in 100 seeds.  Abstrak   Berbagai faktor menjadi penyebab turunnya produksi buah kakao, salah satunya adanya infeksi penyakit busuk buah kakao (BBK) yang disebabkan oleh pathogen  Phytophthora palmivora. Teknik yang dapat dikembangkan untuk penanggulangan penyakit antara lain teknik penyelubungan dan pelapisan dengan biokaolin. Penelitian ini  ber-tujuan untuk mengevaluasi berbagai teknik pengendalian penyakit busuk buah kakao yang efektif menekan kejadian penyakit, keparahan penyakit dan besarnya kehilangan hasil berat 100 biji kering. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Tokai, Kecamatan Poli-Polia, Kabupaten Kolaka Timur, Sulawesi Tenggara pada bulan April sampai Agustus 2013. Metode yang digunakan berdasar-kan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan lima perlakuan dalam empat kelompok sehingga diperoleh 20 unit percobaan.  Setiap unit percobaan terdiri dari 20 pohon, dalam satu pohon terdiri dari lima sampel sehingga dalam 1 unit terdiri dari 100 sampel.  Perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah sebagai berikut; tanpa penyemprotan/penyelubungan (kontrol)  (M0), penyemprotan dengan biokaolin setiap dua minggu (M1), penyemprotan dengan biokaolin setiap empat minggu (M2), penyelubung-an dengan kantong plastik (M3), penyemprotan dengan fungisida mankozeb setiap dua minggu (M4). Parameter yang diamati  adalah kejadian penyakit, keparahan penyakit dan besarnya kehilangan hasil dihitung dengan menimbang berat 100 biji kering. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik pengendalian penyakit busuk buah dengan aplikasi biokaolin setiap dua minggu rata-rata lebih efektif dalam menekan kejadian   penyakit yaitu (26,12%)  dan  keparahan  penyakit  (11,04%), sedangkan rata-rata besarnya kehilanganhasil berat biji kering tertinggi terlihat pada kategori infeksi berat yaitu 74,96%  dengan berat kering terendah yaitu 26,6 g dalam100 biji.

DO SEED MOTHER’S SITES AFFECT THE QUALITY OF THE SEEDLINGS PRODUCED

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Mohamed M. Younis ◽  
Younis Saeed Al Bugg ◽  
Siham Thannon Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
The Relationship

This experiment was conducted in (Zawita) area in Dohuk governorate / Iraq, and the morphological characteristics were studied by selecting four sites, four trees from each site, four sectors and, choosing twenty trees in each sector. Statistical analysis (RCBD) was done using the SPSS system. Through this study, it was found that Pinus brutia Ten. In Zawita, there is a clear effect on some morphological characteristics of the seedlings resulting from it. The first site was one of the best sites followed by the second site where he gave seedlings of good quality in terms of stem length with an average of 39.25 cm and the total weight of wet and dry seedlings with averages of 13.97 and 35.34 g respectively, and the third site was the lowest studied sites and gave seedlings of less quality than the rest of the sites where he scored Stem length averaged 23.06 cm while wet and dry weight was 7.68 and 22.17 g, respectively. As for the correlation between the variables, the relationship was positive and strong among all the variables except those between the length of the root and the rest of the variables except with the characteristic of the wet root weight. The highest correlation values were between total dry weight and total wet weight recording 0.960 and the lowest between the length of the root and the dry vegetative weight where the value was 0.070.

Relationship between Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions and International Trade: The Case of Russian Pharmaceutical Industry

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-94
Author(s):  
Alexandra V. Chugunova ◽  
Olga A. Klochko
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Export Volume ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Geographical Diversification ◽  
The Relationship

This research studies the relationship of cross-border mergers and acquisitions to international trade through the lens of Russian pharmaceutical market. To this aim, the study analyses the woks of foreign economists dedicated to evaluating the link between foreign direct investment and international trade, and the influence of mergers and acquisitions on countries’ export and import flows. The research also presents a correlation analysis between the volume of Russian pharmaceutical exports and imports and cross-border deals performed by foreign pharmaceutical companies in Russia. We characterize these deals and conduct a comparative analysis of the regional structure of Russian pharmaceutical exports and imports as well as of the countries of origin of buyers in cross-border mergers and acquisitions. The results of the analysis indicate a positive relationship between cross-border mergers and acquisitions and Russian pharmaceutical exports, which is reflected in the export volume growth and its geographical diversification. However, it is outlined that particular problems of the industry hinder the amelioration of Russian positions in international exports. Similarly, the relationship between cross-border deals and Russian imports is positive: the major pharmaceutical products supply flow occurs from the countries of origin of buyers in cross-border mergers and acquisitions conducted in the Russian pharmaceutical sector.

BIOASSAY OF PROLACTIN

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Nicoll
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Mucosal Epithelium ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT The response of the pigeon crop-sac to systemically acting prolactin (injected subcutaneously) was evaluated by measuring the wet weight of the responsive lateral lobes of the organ and by determining the dry weight of a 4 cm diameter disc of mucosal epithelium taken from one hemicrop. Of several different injection schedules tested, administration of prolactin in four daily injections was found to yield optimal responses. When compared with a graded series of prolactin doses, measurement of the mucosal dry weight proved to be a better method of response quantification than determination of the crop-sac wet weight with respect to both assay sensitivity and precision. The submucosal tissue of the crop-sac was estimated to constitute about 64 % of the total dry weight of the unstimulated organ and it was found to be relatively unresponsive to prolactin stimulation in comparison with the mucosa. The lipid content of the mucosal epithelium was determined using unstimulated crop-sacs or tissues which showed varying degrees of prolactin-induced proliferation. The fat content of the mucosal epithelial cells increased only slightly more rapidly than the dry weight or the defatted dry weight of the mucosa. Suggestions are made for the further improvement of the systemic crop-sac assay for prolactin.

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