Somatic embryogenesis in American chestnut

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1698-1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Merkle ◽  
A. T. Wiecko ◽  
B. A. Watson-Pauley
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Embryo Cultures ◽  
Proembryogenic Masses ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Cultures were initiated from developing ovules and excised embryos of American chestnut (Castaneadentata (Marsh.) Borkh.), collected from five source trees on three dates during early and middle stages of fruit development. Explants were cultured initially on semisolid induction medium containing 0.25 mg/L benzyladenine and either 6 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid or 4 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid for 1 or 2 weeks. Then they were either transferred to hormone-free medium or medium with 0.25 mg/L benzyladenine or maintained on the original induction media. Ovules collected from three of the five trees 6 or 7 weeks postanthesis produced embryogenic cultures. Those pulsed for 1 or 2 weeks on auxin-containing medium prior to transfer to media without auxin produced multiple somatic embryos directly from the radicle end of the zygotic embryo. Cultures maintained on auxin-supplemented media initially produced proembryogenic masses, which formed globular and heart-stage embryos as they aged. Transfer of clusters of somatic embryos from auxin-supplemented media to hormone-free medium promoted maturation of embryos to the cotyledon stage.

Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin from polyembryonic mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis Sieb et Zucc.

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Bozhkov ◽  
I. S. Ahn ◽  
Y. G. Park
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Embryo Origin

Individual mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis sometimes contain several viable zygotic embryos originated through the processes of simple and cleavage polyembryony. To induce the embryonic process, isolated zygotic embryos were cultured on five different media all supplemented with 10 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 5 μM 6-benzyladenine. Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin were revealed. The first pathway was associated with the production of a friable, translucent callus in the hypocotyls–cotyledon region of the dominant zygotic embryo. The second pathway was related to the proliferation of a translucent, moist, and mucilaginous tissue (termed embryonal–suspensor mass) in the suspensor region of the dominant zygotic embryo. Both types of tissues contained early somatic embryos. Regression analysis has shown a strong negative correlation between the frequencies of formation of embryogenic callus and embryonal–suspensor mass both at 3 and 8 weeks of culture (r = − 0.85; p = 0.07 and r = −0.71; p = 0.17, respectively). Key words: Pinus koraiensis; polyembryonal seeds; somatic embryogenesis; embryogénie callus; embryonal–suspensor mass.

scholarly journals INTRODUCTION OF β-GLUCURONIDASE GENE INTO GINSENG (PANAX CINSENG) BY A TI-PLASMID VECTOR SYSTEM AND ITS EXPRESSION

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 621e-621
Author(s):  
Jang R. Liu ◽  
Haeng S. Lee ◽  
Suk W. Kim ◽  
Hyo W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Binary Vector ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Plasmid Vector ◽  
Vector System ◽  
Selection Marker ◽  
35S Promoter ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Gus Gene ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

β-Glucuronidase (GUS) gene of Escherichia coli was introduced into ginseng cells by an Agrobacterium binary vector system and expressed in somatic embryos derived from the cells. A binary vector pBI121 carrying CaMV 35S promoter-GUS gene fusion and a neomycin phosphotransferase gene as selection marker was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. Zygotic embryo cotyledonary segments were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens and transferred to the medium containg 1 mg 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid/liter, 0.5 mg kinetin/liter, and 100 mg kanamycin/liter. Kanamycin-resistant calli were formed after 3 to 4 weeks of culture. Southern analysis confirmed the resistant calli were transformed with GUS gene. High GUS activities were detected in somatic embryos developed from the calli.

scholarly journals The Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and α-Naphthaleneacetic Acid on Biomass Increment, Rhizogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis of Suspension-cultured Dinh Lang Cells [Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms]

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.T.B. Phuong ◽  
V.P. Trung ◽  
N.H. An ◽  
N.D. Tuan ◽  
P.T.T. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Triterpenoid Saponins ◽  
Cell Biomass ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Background: Dinh Lang [Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms] is a medicinal plant widely grown in Vietnam, with proven note-worthy health benefits. However, Dinh Lang’s amounts of triterpenoid saponins could not meet the need of the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, this study’s purpose is to figure out the optimal condition for raising Dinh Lang’s cell biomass, rhizogenesis and somatic embryogenesis to provide materials for bioactive compound productions. Methods: Different 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and α-naphthaleneacetic acid concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L) were examined to determine the best amount of each plant growth regulator for raising cells’ biomass, rhizogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. In each treatment, two grams of eight-week-old calli were cultured in 50 mL of liquid MS medium. Result: It is demonstrated by the results that liquid MS medium containing 1.5 mg/L α-naphthaleneacetic acid has the capacity of producing the highest numbers of somatic embryos (489 embryos per flask) and rooted cells (259.5 cells per flask), while the fresh weight of cells cultured in the medium given 1.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid reached its peak of 5.7 g.

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis and Regeneration from Cotyledon Explants of Six Squash Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1295-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Gonsalves ◽  
Baodi Xue ◽  
Dennis Gonsalves
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Plantlet Production ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Napthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Relative Production ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Six summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivars were regenerated via somatic embryogenesis using cotyledons excised from germinated or nongerminated seeds. Genotypes included were zucchini, commercial F1 hybrids, `President', `Seneca Zucchini', `Jade'; the noncommercial inbred line `Caserta Inbred 557311'; and two yellow squash hybrids `Dixie' and `Seneca Butterbar'. Somatic embryogenesis was initiated in induction medium containing 22.62 μm 2, 4-D, and embryos were germinated in maturation medium containing 0.27 μm NAA and 0.23 μm kinetin. Plants were elongated and rooted on basal medium without hormones. All media contained carbenicillin at 500 mg·liter–1. Sixty-one percent of the `Seneca Butterbar' cotyledons produced somatic embryos when kept on induction medium for 10 weeks. Overall, 7% of the initial explants produced plantlets, and regeneration efficiency was calculated as 0.3 plantlets per initial explant. The relative production of plants from cotyledons that were kept on induction medium for different time periods were determined for `Caserta Inbred 557311' and `Seneca Zucchini'. All cotyledons produced somatic embryos after 11 to 17 weeks on induction medium. However, plantlet production was optimal with explants kept on induction medium for 13 weeks for `Seneca Zucchini' and for 15 weeks for `Caserta Inbred 557311', producing an average of 4.5 and 9.3 plants per explant, respectively, from 90% to 70% of the explants. We recovered plants from all six cultivars; thus, our regeneration protocol may be applicable to other genotypes. The high percentage of regenerants obtained indicates that the regeneration method is efficient enough to be adapted successfully to squash transformation experiments. Chemical names used: α-carboxybenzylpenicillin (carbenicillin); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin); α-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA).

scholarly journals The effect of auxins in inducing organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis in mature sunflower zygotic embryo derived apex

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-161
Author(s):  
Adriana AURORI ◽  
Imola MOLNAR ◽  
Elena RAKOSY-TICAN
Keyword(s):  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
In Vitro Regeneration ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
Cytokinin Treatment ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Induction of shoots or of somatic embryos is the key step for gaining the morphogenetic potential in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), species known as recalcitrant to in vitro regeneration. In the immature zygotic embryo derived tissues or in other juvenile tissues resulted from seedlings, the acquisition of the competence for regeneration can be achieved directly by cytokinin treatment or by preconditioning the explants on cytokinin containing medium. In this paper is presented a new type of explant for sunflower in vitro culture, consisting of the apex with primordial leaves, resulted from ungerminated mature zygotic embryo, in which a specific morphogenetic response was triggered by the exogenously applied auxins. Among the auxins tested, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid are inducers of an organogenetic response, apical/axillary shoots and adventitious buds being regenerated while 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid and 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid led to somatic embryo formation. Among the auxins tested only 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid sustains the embryos development up to mature stage. A high amount of sucrose (120 g L-1) supplied during the auxin treatment promotes the maturation of the embryos directly on the induction medium for all tested auxins with embryogenic effect. These findings show that regardless of the type of morphogenetic response aimed in sunflower meristematic tissues resulted from mature embryos, the presence of auxins is mandatory.

scholarly journals Induction of somatic embryogenesis in Pinus heldreichii culture

2007 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragana Stojicic ◽  
Branka Uzelac ◽  
Dusica Janosevic ◽  
Ljubinka Culafic ◽  
Snezana Budimir
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Immature Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Induction Frequency ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Further Development

The potential for somatic embryogenesis in zygotic embryo and megagametophyte cultures of Pinus heldreichii was examined. Somatic embryogenesis was initiated from megagametophytes containing immature zygotic embryos at early stages of development. An induction frequency of up to 6.7% was obtained on Gresshoff and Doy medium in the presence of 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/l benzyladenine (BA). Formation and further proliferation of embryogenic tissue were achieved upon transfer of explants to a medium with reduced levels of growth regulators. Somatic embryos are being cultured for further development. .

scholarly journals Simplified Regeneration Protocol for Cycas revoluta Thunb. Mature Zygotic Embryos

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Rohangiz NADERI ◽  
Khadije MOHAISENI ◽  
Jaime A. TEIXEIRA DA SILVA ◽  
Mansour OMIDI ◽  
Behjat NADERI
Keyword(s):  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Indirect Organogenesis ◽  
Rooted Plantlet ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Cycas Revoluta

Mature zygotic embryos of Cycas revoluta Thunb. were used as explants to investigate direct and indirect organogenesis. Explants were incubated on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (½ MS) basal medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators, singly or in combination (all at 0.5 mg l-1): 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (Kin), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Kin×2,4-D, BA×Kin and BA×2,4-D. Cultures were placed at a low light intensity (4 µmol m-2 s-1 PPFD). Adventitious shoot regeneration was observed in the presence of 0.5 mg l-1BA after 35 days. The highest number of direct and indirect shoots per zygotic embryo was 3.67 and 29.67, respectively. Roots were induced on indirect shoots by continuous culture on rooting medium (½ MS,‏ 0.1 mg l-1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid) and hardened successfully in perlite. Each rooted plantlet with pinnate leaves and a primary tap root was individually isolated and acclimatized 185 days after the beginning of culture, with a 10% success rate.

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from zygotic embryo-derived callus cultures of allium altaicum pall.

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
Zavzandulam М ◽  
Buyanchimeg B ◽  
Enkhchimeg V
Keyword(s):  
Callus Induction ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Red Data Book ◽  
Data Book ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Altain onion (Allium altaicum Pall.) grows wildly under different ecological conditions and one of the listed rare plant in Red Data Book of Mongolia. Allium altaicum pall belong to a member of the onion family (Alliaceae) and has been used for both culinary and traditional medicine and a perennial herb.The purpose of this research is to get micropropogated plants in in vitro condition from Mongolian the Allium altaicum Pall tissue culture. Allium altaicum Pall. regeneration from zygotic embryo was 70% in MS medium with 0.5 mg/l 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, 0.2 mg/l kinetin compare to control. Convenient condition for primary callus induction observed in MS medium with 1 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.6 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine, 2mg/l glycine by 50.4%. Regeneration of callus induction was 61.3% and somatic embryos formed plantlets on regeneration 0.1 мг/л 2,4-D 0.1 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 1 мг/л BAP 1 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine.

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from cell suspension derived protoplasts of Solanum melongena (eggplant)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gleddie ◽  
W. A. Keller ◽  
G. Setterfield
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Cell Suspension Cultures ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Subsequent Regeneration

Cell suspension cultures of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) were initiated from embryogenic callus cultures and maintained in medium supplemented with either 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Higher yields of protoplasts were obtained from cells grown in 2,4-D than in NAA. The efficiency of cell division was also greater in protoplast cultures derived from cells grown in the presence of 2,4-D. Protoplast-derived cells formed somatic embryos in modified Kao or Nagata and Takebe media which were supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D. Early stages of embryogenesis were observed in liquid medium; however, these embryos and associated cell colonies were transferred onto agar-solidified medium for subsequent regeneration. Mature plants were established in soil in the greenhouse.

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