Stimulation of resin flow in slash and loblolly pine by bark beetle vectored fungi

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1124-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Popp ◽  
Jon D. Johnson ◽  
Thomas L. Massey
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Resin Flow ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Passive Flow ◽  
Pinus Spp ◽  
Fungal Inoculation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The passive flow of resin from wounds is one mechanism that pines, Pinus spp., use in the defense against bark beetles and the pathogenic fungi they vector. Ten 18- to 20-year-old slash pine, Pinuselliottii Engelm. var. elliottii, were inoculated with spores of Ceratocystisminor (Hedge.) Hunt or Ceratocystisips (Rumb.) C. Moreau, or treated with sterile water during August 1988 to determine if resin flow is stimulated by fungal inoculation. Resin flowing from wounds was collected every 24 h for 2 days. This study was repeated in August 1989 with both slash pine and loblolly pine, Pinustaeda L., and resin was collected every 24 h for 3 days. In both species resin flow did not differ significantly among treatments during the first 24 h. However, during the second 24-h period, resin flow from the fungal-inoculated wounds was significantly greater than the flow from the sterile water treated wound. This pattern continued during the third 24-h period for slash but not loblolly pine. These results suggest that resin flow is not entirely passive and exhibits a degree of inducibility.

Loblolly pine responds to mechanical wounding with increased resin flow

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan J Ruel ◽  
Matthew P Ayres ◽  
Peter L Lorio, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Resin Flow ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Plant Defense Mechanism ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

The oleoresin produced by many conifers has a deleterious effect on numerous associated herbivores, including bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and may have evolved as a plant defense mechanism. Three experiments with juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) used mechanical wounding to drain resin reserves and assess the effects of prior bark wounding on subsequent resin flow up to 7 days post-treatment. Resin flow returned to pre-treatment values within 2 days after wounding began and, in nearly every tree in each experiment, continued to increase on subsequent days. On average, resin flow reached double the pre-treatment values (mean ± SE: 2.10 ± 0.10 vs. 1.13 ± 0.10 g/3 h and 2.28 ± 0.09 vs. 0.90 ± 0.09 g/3 h for wounded vs. pre-treatment in experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Considering its timing and magnitude, this previously undescribed response may be important in modulating interactions between pine trees and bark beetles. In addition, resin flow following treatment was greater in trees in larger crown size classes (thinned > edge of stand = unthinned in experiment 1; edge of stand > thinned > unthinned in experiment 2). This may help explain why trees in thinned stands are less susceptible to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) infestation than trees in unthinned stands.

The role of oleoresin flow in the induced response of loblolly pine to a southern pine beetle associated fungus

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A Tisdale ◽  
T Evan Nebeker ◽  
John D Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
Resin Flow ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Induced Reaction

The influence of total resin flow in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., on initial inoculation of the blue stain fungus Ophiostoma minus (Hedgc.) Syd. & P. Syd., a fungal associate of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera:Scolytidae)), was investigated. Resin flow of trees was mechanically manipulated so that it followed the same pattern of decrease and near cessation as seen in trees successfully attacked by southern pine beetle. There were also intermediate treatments where resin flow was allowed to recover. The fungus was inoculated into holes drilled to the xylem surface and allowed to grow for a specified time period. The lesion that formed as a result of the induced reaction was then measured and compared with lesions formed in trees for which resin flow was not manipulated. The experiment was conducted three times in 1993 and 1994 and twice in 1995. It was hypothesized that with decreased resin flow, O. minus would be less inhibited and that growth would be greater before being stopped by the induced reaction. It was found that longer lesions occurred in trees where wounding was prolonged and resin flow was decreased below that of control trees. Mixed results were obtained for trees in intermediate wounding treatments.Key words: oleoresin, blue stain fungus, defenses, bark beetles, induced reaction, Dendroctonus.

scholarly journals Resin flow responses to fertilization, wounding and fungal inoculation in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in North Carolina

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 847-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Knebel ◽  
D. J. Robison ◽  
T. R. Wentworth ◽  
K. D. Klepzig
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Resin Flow ◽  
Fungal Inoculation

scholarly journals Avian Community Response to Midrotation Herbicide Release and Prescribed Burning in Conservation Reserve Program Plantations

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Sladek ◽  
L. Burger ◽  
Ian Munn
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Conservation Reserve Program ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Avian Community ◽  
Disturbance Regimes ◽  
Pinus Spp

Abstract Former agricultural lands converted to pine (Pinus spp.) plantations in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) have potential to provide early successional (ES) habitat for many regionally declining pine/grassland and shrub-successional bird species if actively managed with appropriate disturbance regimes. One such regime is use of the selective herbicide Imazapyr (Arsenal Applicators Concentrate) and prescribed burning, which is permitted on CRP lands and cost share payments are available. This study quantified combined effects of Imazapyr and prescribed fire on the breeding season avian community characteristics and pine volume growth in thinned, midrotation afforested loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) plantations in Mississippi. Herbicide treatments were applied in fall of 2002 and winter burns were conducted during winter and early spring of 2002–2003. ES bird species richness was significantly greater in the treated plots compared with controls for both 2003 and 2004. Ten individual species exhibited treatment effects. These responses by ES bird species indicate that midrotation CRPplantations can provide needed ES habitat if treated with appropriate disturbance regimes.

Oracella acuta (loblolly pine mealybug).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paris Lambdin
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
The Usa

Abstract This species has had limited distribution from its native habitats in the southern region of the USA since its discovery and description (Lobdell, 1930). O. acuta appears to be restricted to feeding on species of pines and loblolly pine, Pinus taeda, is its preferred food source. In its native habitat, populations seldom reach pest status due to the presence of natural enemies. In 1988, it was transported to a pine seed orchard in China on slash pine, Pinus elliottii, scions purchased in the USA. Sun et al. (1996) noted that O. acuta-infested slash pine scions leaving the USA and entering China in 1988 were not subjected to the quarantine restrictions of either country. The loblolly pine mealybug quickly became established and rapidly spread throughout pine plantations in the Guangdong Province, China where it threatens both native and introduced species of pines in the region.

scholarly journals An Acaromyces Species Associated with Bark Beetles from Southern Pine Has Inhibitory Properties Against Raffaelea lauricola, the Causal Pathogen of Laurel Wilt Disease of Redbay

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabiu Olatinwo ◽  
Stephen Fraedrich
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle

Laurel wilt is a destructive disease of redbay (Persea borbonia) and other species in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It is caused by Raffaelea lauricola, a fungal symbiont of the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), cointroduced into the United States around 2002. During assessments of fungi associated with bark beetles from loblolly pine, an unknown fungus was isolated that appeared to have broad-spectrum antifungal activities. In this study, we identified the unknown fungus and determined the inhibitory effect of its secondary metabolites on R. lauricola. DNA analysis identified the fungus as Acaromyces ingoldii (GenBank accession no. EU770231). Secondary metabolites produced by the A. ingoldii completely inhibited R. lauricola mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates preinoculated with A. ingoldii and reduced R. lauricola growth significantly on malt extract agar plates preinoculated with A. ingoldii. R. lauricola isolates inoculated on PDA plates 7 days after A. ingoldii were completely inhibited with no growth or spore germination. Direct evaluation of A. ingoldii crude extract on R. lauricola spores in a multi-well culture plate assay showed inhibition of spore germination at 10% and higher concentrations. Secondary metabolites from A. ingoldii could be potentially useful in managing the future spread of laurel wilt.

scholarly journals A comparative characteristic of fungal communities associated with Ips acuminatus in different regions of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
Kateryna Davydenko
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Sphaeropsis Sapinea

Pine bark beetles are typically associated with complexes of fungi that could reveal different functional interaction. Thus, previously nonaggressive bark beetle Ips acuminatus is considering now to be among the most serious pests of pine forest in Ukraine and other European countries and vectored fungal community is very important to assess total harm of this bark beetle. The aim of this study was to reveal the vectored fungal community associated with the pine engraver beetle, I. acuminatus with special emphasis on pathogenic fungi for further evaluation of harm bark-beetle - fungi association for Ukrainian forest. In total, 288 adult beetles were collected from Scots pine trees at six different sites through Ukraine. DNA sequencing as fungal culturing from all beetles resulted in 1681 isolates and amplicons representing 42 fungal taxa. NCBI BLAST search revealed that the overall fungal community was composed of 94 species, of which 80.85% were Ascomycota, followed by Basidiomycota and unidentified fungal group, which accounted for 10.6% and 8.5 % of the total sequences, respectively. Among these, the most commonly detected fungi for pooling dataset were Sphaeropsis sapinea (23.6%), Cladosporium pini-ponderosae (19.44%), Ophiostoma ips (19.1%), Ophiostoma canum (19.1%) and Cladobotryum mycophilum (18.06%). In the pooled dataset of isolates and amplicons for each site, Shannon diversity indices ranged between 1.9 and 2.9 while Simpson diversity index varied between 0.69 and 0.89 indicating rich species diversity. In total twelve ophiostomatoid species were detected. All ophiostomatoid fungi were showing varying degrees of virulence and O. minus was the most aggressive fungus in previous studies. It is concluded that I. acuminatus vectors a species-rich fungal community including pathogens such as ophiostomatoid fungi, Sphaeropsis sapinea, different needle pathogens and wood decay fungi that seems to be very important for the assessment of threat of I. acuminatus to the pine forest in Ukraine.

Application method and timing of gibberellin A4/7 treatments for increasing pollen conebud production in southern pines

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Hare
Keyword(s):  
Cationic Surfactant ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Southern Pines

In 4 different years' experiments with loblolly (Pinustaeda L.), slash (Pinuselliottiielliottii Engelm.), and longleaf (Pinuspalustris Mill.) pine, timing of gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) treatments was critical for optimal promotion of pollen conebuds. Two or three biweekly treatments given at strategic times were equivalent to six given from May to August. July to August applications best promoted pollen conebuds. Using the cationic surfactant Aromox C/12, aqueous foliar sprays of 200 mg/L of GA4/7 were more effective than ethanolic topical bud treatments for pollen conebud induction in slash pine. Addition of naphthaleneacetic acid enhanced the GA4/7 effect in loblolly pine but diminished it in slash and longleaf pine.

scholarly journals Comparison of Planted Loblolly and Slash Pine Performance in Southeast Texas

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David Lenhart ◽  
Gary D. Kronrad ◽  
Michael S. Fountain
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Stem Straightness ◽  
Southeast Texas ◽  
Total Tree

Abstract The performance of young (less than 10 yr) loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine trees was compared on planted sites in southeast Texas. Performance was compared for: total tree height; tree diameter; height to live tree crown; tree volume index,; incidenceof fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme); crookedness of stems; and survival rates. For these young trees, slash pine tended to perform better in southeast Texas than loblolly pine in total tree height, tree diameter, stem size, height to first livebranch and stem straightness. However, loblolly pine was less susceptible to fusiform rust than slash pine, and its mortality rate was lower than slash pine. However, based on the performance of these young plantations, a recommendation on the preferred pine species to plant in southeast Texasmight be premature. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):26-31.

scholarly journals Loblolly Pine Outperforms Slash Pine in Southeastern Georgia and Northern Florida

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry D. Shiver ◽  
John W. Rheney ◽  
Kenneth L. Hitch
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Stand Basal Area ◽  
Better Than

Abstract A total of 141 paired plot installations remain of the 160 that were planted with slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly (P. taedaL.) pine across southeastern Georgia and northern Florida, after 14 growing seasons. Installations were evenly distributed across eight soil types. Analyses indicate that loblolly performed equal to or better than slash pine. There were no soil X species interactions. After 14 yr, loblolly pine had significantly higher survival (71% vs. 66%), stand basal area (98 vs. 81 ft2/ac), total stand volume (1857 vs. 1721 ft3/ac), merchantable stand volume (1497 vs. 1310 ft3/ac), total green weight (53 tons vs. 47 tons), and merchantable green weight (45 vs. 35 tons/ac) than slash pine. Growth over the period from age 11 to age 14 was also higher for loblolly than for slash indicating that the difference in the two species is diverging over time. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1): 31-36.

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