Sun and shade leaves: clues to how salal (Gaultheriashallon) responds to overstory stand density

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Relative Density ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sun And Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

Salal (Gaultheriashallon Pursh) leaf biomass, leaf area index, specific leaf area, and leaf morphology were examined in 13 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands from 37 destructively measured 1-m2 quadrats. In response to light and stand overstory density, salal shoots produced either mainly sun leaves or mainly shade leaves. Sun leaves were associated with sunflecks in open-grown or variably stocked stands. Shade leaves were associated with diffuse light under denser stands. Sun-leaf quadrats had mean specific leaf areas less than 90 cm2/g; shade-leaf quadrats had mean specific leaf areas greater than 90 cm2/g. Sun leaves were narrower, with average leaf widths less than 5 cm. Quadrat salal leaf biomass and leaf area index peaked at Curtis' metric relative density 5.9, which corresponded to an availability of 15% of global photosynthetically active radiation. Sun-leaf quadrats occurred below relative density 5; shade-leaf quadrats occurred above relative density 4. A mixture of sun- and shade-leaf quadrats occurred between about relative density 4 and 5, depending on the uniformity of stocking.

scholarly journals Does selective logging affect the leaf structure of a late successional species?

Rodriguésia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Rodrigues Rabelo ◽  
Denise Espellet Klein ◽  
Maura Da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Selective Logging ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
Sun And Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

The anatomical characteristics of both sun and shade leaves of Alseis pickelii were investigated in order to evaluate the consequences of selective logging (in seasonally dry Atlantic Forest) on the leaf structure of this species. Fully expanded sun and shade leaves were collected in two distinct stands of tabuleiro forest; a stand of recently logged forest and an unlogged stand. Only leaves from the unlogged stand revealed significantly different magnitudes of response to light regimes, producing leaves with structural characteristics associated with different levels of irradiance. The sun leaves from this stand had a thicker adaxial surface, mesophyll, palisade and spongy parenchyma, a secondary cell wall of fibers and a lower leaf area compared with the shade leaves. However, in the logged stand, the leaf cuticles of sun and shade leaves showed no significant differences, although the leaf area of the sun leaves was higher than the shade leaves. According to these data, we concluded that the unlogged stand produced typical "sun" and "shade" leaves. In contrast, leaves from the logged stand showed a lower variation of types, where neither typical "sun" nor typical "shade" leaves were produced, suggesting lower leaf plasticity of this late successional tree in this area.

scholarly journals Light dynamics and free-to-grow standards in aspen-dominated mixedwood forests

2002 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J Lieffers ◽  
Bradley D Pinno ◽  
Kenneth J Stadt
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Canopy Gaps ◽  
Light Competition ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Mixedwood Forests ◽  
Key Words Competition

This study examines light competition between aspen and spruce during the sequence of aspen development. Leaf area index and light transmission were measured or estimated for aspen stands from 2 to 125 years old. Light transmission was lowest at 15-25 years, and in some stands, transmission was less than 5% of above-canopy light. Hypothetical aspen stands with various stem configurations and heights were developed, and positions were identified that would meet or fail Alberta free-to-grow (FTG) standards. Light transmission was estimated at each position with the MIXLIGHT forest light simulator. Positions in canopy gaps or at the northern sides of canopy gaps had higher light. In general, however, there was little difference in available light between positions that met or failed FTG criteria. Stand density and size of aspen trees appears to be a better index to predict light transmission and spruce success in juvenile aspen stands than current FTG criteria. Key words: competition, free to grow, hardwood, spruce, light

scholarly journals Evaluations of In-Furrow Insecticides and Fungicides, 1995

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-241
Author(s):  
Gene Burris ◽  
Don Cook ◽  
B. R. Leonard ◽  
J. B. Graves ◽  
J. Pankey
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Seed Rate

Abstract The test was conducted at the Northeast Research Station in St. Joseph, LA. Plots were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were four rows (40-inch spacing) X 65 ft. ‘Stoneville LA 887’ cotton seed was planted 2 and 3 May on a commerce silt soil which was fertilized sidedress with 90 lb N/acre. Cotton seed were planted with a John Deere model 7100 series planter which was equipped with 10 inch seed cones mounted to replace the seed hoppers. The seed rate was 4 seed/row ft. Granular in-furrow treatments were applied with 8 inch belt cone applicators mounted to replace the standard granular applicators. Control of thrips and aphids was evaluated on 5 randomly selected plants/plot. Evaluations were made on 18, 19, 24, 26, and 29 May and 8 Jun. Plant height counts were taken on 10 randomly selected plants/plot on 8 Jun. Stand density and leaf area was determined by counting the number of plants in a randomly selected meter on 29 May. Leaf area was recorded using a Li Cor leaf area machine. The data was recorded as cm2 and converted to a leaf area index (LAI). Major pests and/or secondary pest control was initiated in Jun and continued on an “as needed” basis through Aug.

Influence of CO2 and SO2 on Growth and Structure of Photosystem II of the Chinese Tung-Oil Tree Aleurites montana

1996 ◽  
Vol 51 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 441-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. He ◽  
A. Radunz ◽  
K. P. Bader ◽  
G. H. Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Light Harvesting Complex ◽  
Sun And Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

Three months old plants of the Chinese tung-oil tree Aleurites montana were cultivated for 4 months in air containing an increased amount of 700 ppm CO2. During the exposure to 700 ppm CO2 the plants exhibited a considerably stronger growth (30-40% ) in comparison to the control plants (grown in normal air). In these CO2-plants during the entire analyzing period the amount of soluble proteins, of soluble sugars and the chlorophyll content were lower than in control plants. The protein content, referred to leaf area, increased during this time in both plant types by approx. 50% but with a different time course. The increase is faster in CO2-plants compared to control plants, and ends up with similar values in both plants after 4 months. No difference is seen between sun and shade leaves. The chlorophyll content in both sun and shade leaves is 20% lower in CO2-plants. Whereas the chlorophyll content in sun leaves stays constant during developm ent, it has increased in shade leaves by 20% at the end of the 4 months period. The content of soluble sugars is lower in CO2-plants compared to control plants. The difference is bigger in sun leaves than in shade leaves. The ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase content almost doubles within the experimentation period, but seems to be subject to large variations. CO2-plants contain in general less ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase than control plants. The content of coupling factor of photophosphorylation is 20% lower in CO2-plants when compared to control plants and remains during development more constant in CO2-plants. The molecular structure of the photosystem II-complex undergoes under the influence of the increased CO2-content a quantitative modification. The light harvesting complex (LHCP) and the extrinsic peptide with the molecular mass of 33 kDa increase in CO2-plants. Gassing with SO2 (0.3 ppm in air) leads to a strong damage of the plants. The damaging influence is already seen after 6 days and leads to a partial leaf-shedding of the tree. In the visually still intact remaining leaves the chlorophyll content referred to unit leaf area decreases by 63%, that of soluble sugars by 65%, the content of soluble proteins and that of Rubisco decrease by 26% and 36% respectively. The light harvesting complex and the chlorophyll- binding peptides (43 and 47 kDa) increase whereas the extrinsic peptides decrease. It looks as if the simultaneous application of SO2 (0.3 ppm) and increased CO2 (700 ppm) releaves the damaging effect of SO2. Plant growth does not exhibit a difference in comparison to control plants. Soluble proteins and chlorophyll increase by 27% and 33% and the ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase content as well as that of soluble sugars increases by 18 respectively 14%. The peptide composition of photosystem II shows a quantitative modification. The LHCP increases and the chlorophyll-binding peptides and the peptides with a molecular mass smaller than 24 kDa are reduced. The quantity of extrinsic peptides appears unchanged. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the CF1-complex of Aleurites are immunochemically only partially identical to the corresponding enzymes of Nicotiana tabacum as demonstrated by tandem-cross-immune electrophoresis.

scholarly journals Effect of Light on the Photosynthesis, Pigment Content and Stomatal Density of Sun and Shade Leaves of Vernonia Amygdalina

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.30) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisha Idris ◽  
Alona C. Linatoc ◽  
Aisha M. Aliyu ◽  
Surayya M. Muhammad ◽  
Mohd Fadzelly Bin Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Sun And Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves ◽  
Effect Of Light

Light affects the growth and development of plants by influencing the physical appearance of one leaf as well as the appearance of the whole plant. Plant photosynthesis, stomata density, and pigment contents are all influenced by light The objective of this research is to determine the effect of light on the photosynthesis, pigment content and stomatal density of Sun and Shade Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Gas exchange was measured using Li-6400 and the data obtained was used to create a light response curve where parameters including light saturation point (LSP), light compensation point (LCP) and apparent quantum yield were estimated. Photosynthetic pigment were quantified spectrophotometrically.  Moreover, the stomatal density was counted under light microscope, after making a nail polish impression of the leaf. The results discovered shows that as the light intensity increases, the gas exchange and stomatal density increases while the photosynthetic pigment of the studied plant decreases (P<0.05). In addition, LSP and LCP increases with increasing light intensity. Besides, statistically significant negative correlation (P<0.05) was achieved among stomatal density and transpiration rate thereby leading to a conclusion that sun leaves of Vernonia amygdalina contribute the highest assimilation rate to the plant than shade leaves. Yet, the higher stomatal density of sun leaves provides water saving to the plant.

scholarly journals Remote estimation of leaf area index and green leaf biomass in maize canopies

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly A. Gitelson ◽  
Andrés Viña ◽  
Timothy J. Arkebauer ◽  
Donald C. Rundquist ◽  
Galina Keydan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Remote Estimation

Estimating salal leaf area index and leaf biomass from diffuse light attenuation

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1265-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Smith ◽  
D. R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Weibull Model ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Diffuse Light ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Extinction Coefficients ◽  
Reduced Major Axis

Salal (Gaultheriashallon Pursh) leaf area index and leaf biomass were estimated from 37 quadrat samples in 13 stands dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on eastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Leaf area index and biomass were predicted from a Beer's Law light attenuation model using diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (400–700 nm wavelength). The extinction coefficients, determined using reduced major axis maximum likelihood, were 0.8055 m2/m2 for leaf area index and 0.0069 g/m2 for leaf biomass. Salal leaf area index and biomass were then predicted for any convenient height in the understory canopy using a cumulative Weibull model based on dominant salal height per quadrat. The models are of use for objectively assessing the amount of Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileushemionuscolumbianus Richardson) winter browse and to quantify competitive leaf area.

The role of stand density on growth efficiency, leaf area index, and resin flow in southwestern ponderosa pine forests

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nate G. McDowell ◽  
Henry D. Adams ◽  
John D. Bailey ◽  
Thomas E. Kolb
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Resin Flow ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine Forests

We examined the response of growth efficiency (GE), leaf area index (LAI), and resin flow (RF) to stand density manipulations in ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) forests of northern Arizona, USA. The study used a 40 year stand density experiment including seven replicated basal area (BA) treatments ranging from 7 to 45 m2·ha–1. Results were extended to the larger region using published and unpublished datasets on ponderosa pine RF. GE was quantified using basal area increment (BAI), stemwood production (NPPs), or volume increment (VI) per leaf area (Al) or sapwood area (As). GE per Al was positively correlated with BA, regardless of numerator (BAI/Al, NPPs/Al, and VI/Al; r2 = 0.84, 0.95, and 0.96, respectively). GE per As exhibited variable responses to BA. Understory LAI increased with decreasing BA; however, total (understory plus overstory) LAI was not correlated with BA, GE, or RF. Opposite of the original research on this subject, resin flow was negatively related to GE per Al because Al/As ratios decline with increasing BA. BAI, and to a lesser degree BA, predicted RF better than growth efficiency, suggesting that the simplest measurement with the fewest assumptions (BAI) is also the best approach for predicting RF.

Vertical distribution of leaf area in Larixoccidentalis: a comparison of two estimation methods

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1131-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Bidlake ◽  
R. Alan Black
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Gap Fraction ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

Total leaf-area index and the vertical distribution of leaf-area index were described for an unthinned stand (density 11 250 stems/ha) and a thinned stand (density 1660 stems/ha) of 30-year-old Larixoccidentalis Nutt. Two independent methods were used to estimate leaf-area index in each of the two stands. The first method is based on allometric relationships that are applied to stem measurements, and the second method is based on gap-fraction analysis of fisheye photographs. Leaf-area index estimates obtained by the two methods were not significantly different. The gap-fraction method provides a desirable alternative because much less fieldwork is required, however, use of this method is limited to canopies where the light-blocking elements are randomly displayed. Total leaf-area index values for the unthinned and thinned stands were 5.0 and 3.6, respectively. The vertical distribution of leaf-area index in the unthinned stand resembled a normal distribution. The vertical distribution of leaf-area index in the thinned stand would have resembled a normal distribution, except that thinning operations resulted in a truncated distribution of leaf-area index at the canopy base.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document