Stand history: an alternative explanation of red spruce radial growth reduction

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Reams ◽  
Manuela M.P. Huso
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Growth Release ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
The 1960S

We classified red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) sites from northern Maine by radial growth release history. Two major releases were apparent for a majority of the sites. The first was a reduction and subsequent increase in radial increment in 1920. The second was an increase in radial increment from 1935 to 1955. Red spruce radial growth reduction in the 1960s is apparent only for sites released from 1935 to 1955 (approximately 54% of the sites in this study). These sites are now approaching the radial growth rates of the unreleased stands. Birch dieback is suggested as a probable contributor to the 1935–1955 red spruce growth increase and subsequent 1960s growth reduction.

Red spruce decline on Whiteface Mountain, New York. II. Relationships between apical and radial growth decline

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1415-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. LeBlanc ◽  
Dudley J. Raynal
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Spruce Decline ◽  
Growth Decline ◽  
Whiteface Mountain ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Crown Dieback ◽  
The Relationship

Understanding the relationship between apical and radial growth decline can contribute toward the evaluation of hypotheses regarding causal mechanisms of red spruce decline. The etiology of red spruce decline in montane spruce-fir forests of the northeastern United States includes loss of foliage at branch apices, crown dieback, and unreversed radial growth decline since the 1960s. Demographic analyses of crown damage and radial growth decline for red spruce on Whiteface Mountain, New York, indicate that large, canopy-emergent trees with exposed crowns exhibit greater decline than codominant trees within an intact canopy. In this paper, radial growth decline is shown to have been coincident with decreased apical growth and increased incidence of injury to terminal leaders. Incidence of leader mortality is greatest for canopy-emergent red spruce or trees with exposed crowns, similar to patterns described for radial growth. This relationship suggests that the post-1960 decline of red spruce on Whiteface Mountain is caused, at least in part, by stresses that act directly on the crown.

Synchronie large-scale disturbances and red spruce growth decline

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1361-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Reams ◽  
Paul C. Van Deusen
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Southern Appalachians ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Usda Forest Service ◽  
Tree Ring Data ◽  
Growth Decline

Tree-ring data from the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory & Analysis and other independent sources were used to study coincidence of changes in growth and large-scale disturbances. Numerous studies report that mean radial growth of red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) declined synchronously throughout its range in the early 1960s. We use red spruce tree-ring data from most of the major studies to show that the synchronicity of red spruce growth decline is likely the outcome of the large-scale disturbances that occurred throughout the northeastern red spruce ecosystem in the late 1930s to early 1950s. Large-scale disturbances are either not detectable or not present in the same time interval in the southern Appalachians. This appears to correspond to an absence of a 1960s radial growth reduction in this region.

Impact of Pine Leaf Aphid, Pineus pinifoliae (Chermidae) on its Secondary Host, Eastern White Pine

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 765-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. DeBoo ◽  
John B. Dimond ◽  
James H. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Needle Length ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Normal Branch ◽  
Lower Stem

AbstractPine leaf aphid infestation produces not only a general reduction in radial growth of white pine but also a modification of the normal pattern of annual radial increment along the length of the stem. The greatest growth reduction occurs in the lower stem with proportionately less in the midcrown area and least in the top. This appears to reflect the distribution of branch mortality which is greatest in the mid- and lower crown. Several defoliators studied by other workers produce the greatest effect on radial growth and on foliage survival in the tops of the tree.Stem elongation reduction occurs only after crown damage and aphid infestation becomes extreme. Lighter infestations are reflected, however, in reduced needle length in the year of attack followed by reduced branch elongation in the year following attack. The combination of stunted and normal needles alternating with stunted and normal branch internodes is probably a unique characteristic of pine leaf aphid damage.

Removal of Hardwood Vegetation Increases Growth and Yield of A Young Loblolly Pine Stand

1978 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Clason
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Vegetation Removal ◽  
Growth Increase

Abstract In five years, growth and yield of a pre-commercially thinned, natural, seven-year-old loblolly pine stand were significantly increased by removing hardwood vegetation. Compared to thinned-only plots, the additive effects of removing hardwood and herbaceous vegetation increased radial growth rates 36 percent and cubic volume growth 63 percent. Removing hardwoods alone accounted for a 23-percent radial growth increase and a 45-percent volume growth increase. Thinning and herbaceous vegetation removal offered no advantage above thinning alone. Optimal increases in growth were obtained when the precommercial thinning included the eradication of hardwood vegetation.

Growth trends in 10 species of trees in New England, 1950–1980

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1337-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hornbeck ◽  
R. B. Smith ◽  
C. A. Federer
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
The Other ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
White Pine ◽  
The 1960S

Tree-ring measurements on increment cores collected from more than 5000 trees during a periodic survey of forest resources in New England indicate trends in regional basal-area increment by species for the period 1950–1980. Two species, red spruce and balsam fir, have had generally decreasing growth rates since the 1960s. Normal aging of the low-elevation, even-aged spruce–fir forest is a probable cause. Eight other species, including sugar maple, had constant or increasing growth throughout the period. White pine had considerably higher growth rates than the other species.

Bootstrap confidence intervals for red spruce ring-width chronologies and an assessment of age-related bias in recent growth trends

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1326-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward R. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Bootstrap Confidence Intervals ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
Recent Trends

Bootstrap confidence intervals are developed for mean ring-width chronologies of red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.). These confidence intervals are robust, easy to compute, and useful for determining the "significance of recent trends in radial growth that may be related to forest decline. By comparing the mean chronologies of different age-classes of red spruce trees in two different collections, it is shown that a serious age-related bias may result if the series are blindly averaged without considering the differences in growth rate related to tree age and stand dynamics. However, even when age differences are taken into account, there is evidence for a common increase in radial growth rate of red spruce in the 1950s followed by rapid and sustained decrease after 1960. The cause of this widespread growth increase and decrease has not yet been established, and some current hypotheses are discussed.

Global Britain's strategic problem East of Suez

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
William D. James
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Labour Party ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
Political Incentives ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Permanent Presence

Abstract Why did Britain withdraw from its military bases in the Arabian Peninsula and Southeast Asia midway through the Cold War? Existing accounts tend to focus on Britain's weak economic position, as well as the domestic political incentives of retrenchment for the ruling Labour Party. This article offers an alternative explanation: the strategic rationale for retaining a permanent presence East of Suez dissolved during the 1960s, as policymakers realised that these military bases were consuming more security than they could generate. These findings have resonance for British officials charting a return East of Suez today under the banner of ‘Global Britain’.

scholarly journals Influence of climate on radial growth of scots pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) In different habitats of Meshchera lowland

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
O. S. Zheleznova ◽  
S. A. Tobratov
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
East European Plain ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
East European ◽  
Key Factor

This paper is devoted to the patterns of radial growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in various topoecological conditions of the Meshchera lowland (Ryazan region, the East European plain). The generalized tree-ring chronologies are constructed for 16 habitats differing in features of a relief of a day surface and a bedrock surface. Despite the relatively low-contrast relief of Meshchera, the average radial pine increment within the study area differs by 2.5 times (1.53.9 mm per year). The correlation and cluster analyses revealed that the key factor influencing the width of annual tree rings of pine is the amount of the available soil moisture. Its surplus (in wetlands) and deficiency (in conditions of sandy outliers) negatively affects the radial pine increment. It is established that in the waterlogged habitats positive correlation of the radial pine increment with temperature and negative with precipitation of autumn of the previous year is observed. The positive correlation of the radial increment with precipitation of autumn, May and with winter temperature is typical for a pine from arid habitats. The negative relationship between the pines growth and amount of precipitation and river discharge may occur with a lag of 14 years in conditions of wetlands. The positive relationship of the radial pine increment with the integral parameters of the current years moisture is more significant in conditions of relatively high hydrodynamics (for example, in conditions of sandy outliers).

Effects of Weevil Feeding on Resin Duct Density and Radial Increment in Lodgepole Pine

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Cerezke
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Resin Ducts ◽  
Resin Duct ◽  
Traumatic Resin Ducts

Wood discs cut from 23-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. lalifolia Engelm.) stems were analyzed for vertical and radial resin duct densities adjacent to basal injuries caused by the weevil, Hylobiuswarreni Wood. The injury from single attacks continued for at least 2 years and was characterized by reduced radial growth and an abundance of vertical 'traumatic' resin ducts above the wounds. No increase in radial duct density was detected above the wounds.

scholarly journals Radial Growth Patterns Associated with Tree Mortality in Nothofagus pumilio Forest

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milagros Rodríguez-Catón ◽  
Ricardo Villalba ◽  
Ana Srur ◽  
A. Park Williams
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Forest Dynamics ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Growth Trends

Tree mortality is a key process in forest dynamics. Despite decades of effort to understand this process, many uncertainties remain. South American broadleaf species are particularly under-represented in global studies on mortality and forest dynamics. We sampled monospecific broadleaf Nothofagus pumilio forests in northern Patagonia to predict tree mortality based on stem growth. Live or dead conditions in N. pumilio trees can be predicted with high accuracy using growth rate as an explanatory variable in logistic models. In Paso Córdova (CO), Argentina, where the models were calibrated, the probability of death was a strong negative function of radial growth, particularly during the six years prior to death. In addition, negative growth trends during 30 to 45 years prior to death increased the accuracy of the models. The CO site was affected by an extreme drought during the summer 1978–1979, triggering negative trends in radial growth of many trees. Individuals showing below-average and persistent negative trends in radial growth are more likely to die than those showing high growth rates and positive growth trends in recent decades, indicating the key role of droughts in inducing mortality. The models calibrated at the CO site showed high verification skill by accurately predicting tree mortality at two independent sites 76 and 141 km away. Models based on relative growth rates showed the highest and most balanced accuracy for both live and dead individuals. Thus, the death of individuals across different N. pumilio sites was largely determined by the growth rate relative to the total size of the individuals. Our findings highlight episodic severe drought as a triggering mechanism for growth decline and eventual death for N. pumilio, similar to results found previously for several other species around the globe. In the coming decades, many forests globally will be exposed to more frequent and/or severe episodes of reduced warm-season soil moisture. Tree-ring studies such as this one can aid prediction of future changes in forest productivity, mortality, and composition.

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