Growth and maintenance respiration in stems of Pinuscontorta and Piceaengelmannii

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Live Cell ◽  
Maintenance Respiration ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Stem Respiration ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Respiratory Behavior

Stem maintenance respiration was linearly related to live-cell volume for lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm.) from 4 to 36 cm dbh and for Engelmann spruce (Piceaengelmannii Parry) from 0 to 20 cm dbh. Sapwood contained greater than 80% of the total live-cell volume in stems. Bole surface area, commonly used to estimate tree respiration costs, poorly estimated stem maintenance respiration. At 15 °C, maintenance costs for lodgepole pine were 6.6 × 10−5 kg C•(kg C sapwood)−1•d−1. Stem respiration during the growing season, both corrected and uncorrected for maintenance, correlated well with annual stemwood growth. Annual stem maintenance respiration for trees and stands can be estimated using sapwood volume, sapwood temperature, and knowledge of respiratory behavior. Total respiration (construction plus maintenance) estimated using stem growth and a model of maintenance respiration was compared with actual respiration measurements integrated over a 100-d growing season. Estimated respiration agreed with the integrated measurements for Engelmann spruce, but overestimated the integrated measurements by 73% in lodgepole pine. These results suggest that estimates of stem respiration made during the growing season may be affected by transpiration.

Sapwood volume for three subalpine conifers: predictive equations and ecological implications

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1397-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Maintenance Respiration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
The Cost

Xylem conducting tissue or sapwood is an important storage organ for water, carbohydrates, and nutrients, but the living ray parenchyma cells require energy for maintenance. I examined sapwood volume for three subalpine conifers (Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and lodgepole pine) in relation to tree size and leaf area. Sapwood volume increases exponentially as leaf area increases, with the rate of increase determined by the ratio of leaf area to sapwood cross-sectional area. Increase in the cost of sapwood maintenance respiration relative to photosynthetic production may explain lower relative growth rates reported for large trees and older stands. Lodgepole pine showed the most rapid increase in sapwood volume with increasing leaf area, suggesting storage capacity and sapwood maintenance are important processes for this species. I also present simple equations for estimating sapwood volume.

Early growth of lodgepole pine after establishment of alsike clover–Rhizobium nitrogen-fixing symbiosis

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1089-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Trowbridge ◽  
F.B. Holl
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Needle Mass

An overdense lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud.) stand was knocked down and the site was prepared by broadcast burn, windrow burn, or mechanical forest floor removal. Inoculated alsike clover (Trifoliumhybridum L.) was seeded at 0, 10, 20, and 30 kg/ha for the three different site preparation treatments to determine the effects of (i) site preparation on infection and effectiveness of the clover–Rhizobium symbiosis and clover percent cover and (ii) the clover–Rhizobium N2-fixing symbiosis on survival, early growth, and foliar nitrogen concentration of lodgepole pine seedlings. The N2-fixing symbiosis established well in all treatments. Clover percent cover increased with increasing rate of seeding, although by relatively few percent in the clover seeded plots. Broadcast burning, windrow burning, and mechanical forest floor removal did not affect the establishment of the N2-fixing symbiosis or clover percent cover. Lodgepole pine survival was not affected by the seeding treatments in any year, nor were height measurements during the first three growing seasons. Seedling height was slightly less in clover-seeded plots compared with controls in the fourth growing season. Lodgepole pine seedlings on clover-seeded plots had decreased diameter growth compared with controls during the first three growing seasons, but incremental diameter growth no longer showed this effect by the fourth growing season. Needle mass (g/100 needles) was less in clover-seeded plots at the end of the second growing season, but this effect was reversed by the fourth growing season, when both needle mass and foliar nitrogen concentration in lodgepole pine foliage were greater in clover-seeded plots.

SEASONAL LEADER GROWTH OF LODGEPOLE PINE IN THE SUBALPINE FOREST OF ALBERTA

1958 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Growing Period

The weekly leader growth of lodgepole pine saplings showed similar patterns but different growth rates according to aspect of site. The seasonal growing period consistently started in early May and was 12 weeks long but within this period the distribution of growth differed widely from year to year. A direct relationship existed between weekly growth and corresponding mean weekly temperatures, except toward the end of the growing season.

scholarly journals Vertical Strata and Stem Carbon Dioxide Efflux in Cycas Trees

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Murukesan V. Krishnapillai
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Maintenance Respiration ◽  
Stem Respiration ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon ◽  
Vertical Location ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Efflux ◽  
Cycas Revoluta

Stem respiration is influenced by the vertical location of tree stems, but the influence of vertical location on stem respiration in a representative cycad species has not been determined. We quantified the influence of vertical strata on stem carbon dioxide efflux (Es) for six arborescent Cycas L. species to characterize this component of stem respiration and ecosystem carbon cycling. The influence of strata on Es was remarkably consistent among the species, with a stable baseline flux characterizing the full mid-strata of the pachycaulous stems and an increase in Es at the lowest and highest strata. The mid-strata flux ranged from 1.8 μmol·m−2·s−1 for Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill to 3.5 μmol·m−2·s−1 for Cycas revoluta Thunb. For all species, Es increased about 30% at the lowest stratum and about 80% at the highest stratum. A significant quadratic model adequately described the Es patterns for all six species. The increase of Es at the lowest stratum was consistent with the influence of root-respired carbon dioxide entering the stem via sap flow, then contributing to Es via radial conductance to the stem surface. The substantial increase in Es at the highest stratum is likely a result of the growth and maintenance respiration of the massive cycad primary thickening meristem that constructs the unique pachycaulous cycad stem.

Some observations on the shoot growth of pine seedlings

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Terminal Bud

Sequential observations in lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) and Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.) showed that the second season's shoot was not produced solely from stem units in the terminal resting bud as previously assumed. The stem units held in the rosette of primary needles surrounding the terminal bud elongated to form most of the second season's shoot. The terminal bud only contributed 29 to 54% of the stem units. There was a marked difference between an inland and a coastal provenance of lodgepole pine in the appearance of the shoot apex at the end of the first growing season.

Seasonally varying relationship between stem respiration, increment and carbon allocation of Norway spruce trees

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 943-955
Author(s):  
Eva Darenova ◽  
Petr Horáček ◽  
Jan Krejza ◽  
Radek Pokorný ◽  
Marian Pavelka
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Stem Respiration ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stem Radial Increment

Abstract Stem respiration is an important component of an ecosystem’s carbon budget. Beside environmental factors, it depends highly on tree energy demands for stem growth. Determination of the relationship between stem growth and stem respiration would help to reveal the response of stem respiration to changing climate, which is expected to substantially affect tree growth. Common measurement of stem radial increment does not record all aspects of stem growth processes, especially those connected with cell wall thickening; therefore, the relationship between stem respiration and stem radial increment may vary depending on the wood cell growth differentiation phase. This study presents results from measurements of stem respiration and increment carried out for seven growing seasons in a young Norway spruce forest. Moreover, rates of carbon allocation to stems were modeled for these years. Stem respiration was divided into maintenance (Rm) and growth respiration (Rg) based upon the mature tissue method. There was a close relationship between Rg and daily stem radial increment (dSRI), and this relationship differed before and after dSRI seasonal maximum, which was around 19 June. Before this date, Rg increased exponentially with dSRI, while after this date logarithmically. This is a result of later maxima of Rg and its slower decrease when compared with dSRI, which is connected with energy demands for cell wall thickening. Rg reached a maxima at the end of June or in July. The maximum of carbon allocation to stem peaked in late summer, when Rg mostly tended to decrease. The overall contribution of Rg to stem CO2 efflux amounted to 46.9% for the growing period from May to September and 38.2% for the year as a whole. This study shows that further deeper analysis of in situ stem growth and stem respiration dynamics is greatly needed, especially with a focus on wood formation on a cell level.

Woody tissue photosynthesis increases radial stem growth of young poplar trees under ambient atmospheric CO2 but its contribution ceases under elevated CO2

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1572-1582
Author(s):  
Linus De Roo ◽  
Fran Lauriks ◽  
Roberto Luis Salomón ◽  
Jacek Oleksyn ◽  
Kathy Steppe
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Woody Tissue ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 Concentration ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Woody Tissue Photosynthesis

Abstract Woody tissue photosynthesis (Pwt) contributes to the tree carbon (C) budget and generally stimulates radial stem growth under ambient atmospheric CO2 concentration (aCO2). Moreover, Pwt has potential to enhance tree survival under changing climates by delaying negative effects of drought stress on tree hydraulic functioning. However, the relevance of Pwt on tree performance under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) remains unexplored. To fill this knowledge gap, 1-year-old Populus tremula L. seedlings were grown in two treatment chambers at aCO2 and eCO2 (400 and 660 ppm, respectively), and woody tissues of half of the seedlings in each treatment chamber were light-excluded to prevent Pwt. Radial stem growth, sap flow, leaf photosynthesis and stomatal and canopy conductance were measured throughout the growing season, and the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in stem tissues was determined at the end of the experiment. Fuelled by eCO2, an increase in stem growth of 18 and 50% was observed in control and light-excluded trees, respectively. Woody tissue photosynthesis increased radial stem growth by 39% under aCO2, while, surprisingly, no impact of Pwt on stem growth was observed under eCO2. By the end of the growing season, eCO2 and Pwt had little effect on stem growth, leaf photosynthesis acclimated to eCO2, but stomatal conductance did not, and homeostatic stem NSC pools were observed among combined treatments. Our results highlight that eCO2 potentially fulfils plant C requirements, limiting the contribution of Pwt to stem growth as atmospheric [CO2] rises, and that radial stem growth in young developing trees was C (source) limited during early phenological stages but transitioned towards sink-driven control at the end of the growing season.

Blowdown and stand development in a Colorado subalpine forest

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1218-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas T. Veblen ◽  
Keith S. Hadley ◽  
Marion S. Reid ◽  
Alan J. Rebertus
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Colorado Front Range ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Front Range ◽  
Southern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species

Stand development of a subalpine forest in the Colorado Front Range following a ca. 15-ha blowdown was examined by analyzing tree population age structures and radial growth patterns. The stand studied was initiated by a fire at the start of the 18th century and was dominated by a dense population of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) at the time of blowdown in 1973. Before the blowdown, the subcanopy was characterized by abundant subalpine fir (Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) and scarce Engelmann spruce (Piceaengelmannii (Parry) Engelm.). Comparison with an adjacent control stand, affected only slightly by the blowdown, indicates that new seedling establishment following the blowdown was slight. Instead, the response was dominated by the release of the subcanopy fir and spruce, resulting in acceleration of the successional replacement of lodgepole pine by these shade-tolerant species. Given the >300 years required for an old-growth fir and spruce stand to develop following catastrophic fire, the likelihood of a major canopy disturbance in the form of blowdown and (or) lethal insect attack is high and should be explicitly incorporated into general explanations of stand development of subalpine forests in the southern Rocky Mountains.

Growth of planted lodgepole pine and hybrid spruce following chemical and manual vegetation control on a frost-prone site

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil LePage ◽  
K. Dave Coates
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Response Threshold ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hybrid Spruce

The 5-year height and diameter growth response of a frost-tolerant species, (lodgepole pine, Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Dougl. ex Loud.) and a frost-susceptible species (hybrid spruce, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss × Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) to different vegetation-control site-preparation treatment and timing combinations was examined using a factorial experiment. The site chosen for the experiment is subject to frequent summer growing season frosts. The vegetation control treatments were: an untreated control, manual cutting, and glyphosate applied at the rates of 1.4 and 2.1 kg active ingredient (a.i.) per hectare. Each vegetation-control treatment was applied at four dates (timing) that covered the active growing season of the vegetation on the study area. Vegetation-control method had a major impact on the growth of the planted seedlings. The influence of timing of control treatments on growth was found to be minor. Fifth-year height and diameter in the manual cutting and control treatments were equally poor. Growth was significantly improved by both levels of chemical vegetation control and after 5 years, no differences were apparent between the two. Pine height and diameter and spruce diameter continually improved as the level of thimbleberry (Rubusparviflorus Nutt.) was reduced. Below 5% thimbleberry cover, this growth increased dramatically, suggesting a response threshold. As vegetation cover was lowered, however, spruce seedlings were damaged by frost, resulting in reduced total height. In this case, better height growth was associated with either very low or moderately high thimbleberry cover than with moderate to low levels.

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