Canker formation and decay in sugar maple and paper birch infected by Cerrenaunicolor

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Enebak ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Hardwood Tree ◽  
Xylem Discoloration

Cerrenaunicolor (Bull.: Fr.) Murr. (= Daedaleaunicolor) (Aphyllophorales, Polyporaceae) was found to cause a canker rot on two northern hardwood tree species, sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) and paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.). Pathogenicity of the fungus was determined by inoculation and examination of cankers 6 months, 1.5 years, and 2.5 years later. The two isolates used were found to differ in pathogenicity. Chemical and morphological barriers formed to compartmentalize the fungus. A zone of enhanced cell wall lignification and the formation of suberized impervious cells which composed the necrophylactic periderm in the host were observed. Xylem discoloration, callus formation, and periderm layers were more pronounced in maple than in birch. Cerrenaunicolor moved past host barriers via a mass of hyphae which annually penetrated weak points in the necrophylactic periderm and subsequently killed the adjacent cambium. Once past the necrophylactic periderm and into the xylem, C. unicolor was an aggressive decay organism which caused an extensive white rot. In naturally infected trees, columns of decay were two or three times longer than the cankers. Multiple zones of decayed and discolored wood were present in the xylem as a result of repeated attacks by the fungus.

scholarly journals Height-Diameter Equations for Select New Hampshire Tree Species

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Fast ◽  
Mark J. Ducey
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Bartlett Experimental Forest

Abstract Height-diameter equations are important in modeling forest structure and yield. Twenty-seven height-diameter equations were evaluated for eight tree species occurring in the northern hardwood forest of New Hampshire using permanent plot data from the Bartlett Experimental Forest. Selected models with associated coefficients are presented for American beech, eastern hemlock, paper birch, red maple, red spruce, sugar maple, white ash, yellow birch, and all 16 species combined.

Growth responses of seven major co-occurring tree species of the northeastern United States to elevated CO2

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1479-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Bazzaz ◽  
J. S. Coleman ◽  
S. R. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Harvard Forest ◽  
Paper Birch

We examined how elevated CO2 affected the growth of seven co-occurring tree species: American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr). We also tested whether the degree of shade tolerance of species and the age of seedlings affected plant responses to enhanced CO2 levels. Seedlings that were at least 1 year old, for all species except beech, were removed while dormant from Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts. Seeds of red maple and paper birch were obtained from parent trees at Harvard Forest, and seeds of American beech were obtained from a population of beeches in Nova Scotia. Seedlings and transplants were grown in one of four plant growth chambers for 60 d (beech, paper birch, red maple, black cherry) or 100 d (white pine, hemlock, sugar maple) under CO2 levels of 400 or 700 μL•L−1. Plants were then harvested for biomass and growth determinations. The results showed that the biomass of beech, paper birch, black cherry, sugar maple, and hemlock significantly increased in elevated CO2, but the biomass of red maple and white pine only marginally increased in these conditions. Furthermore, there were large differences in the magnitude of growth enhancement by increased levels of CO2 between species, so it seems reasonable to predict that one consequence of rising levels of CO2 may be to increase the competitive ability of some species relative to others. Additionally, the three species exhibiting the largest increase in growth with increased CO2 concentrations were the shade-tolerant species (i.e., beech, sugar maple, and hemlock). Thus, elevated CO2 levels may enhance the growth of relatively shade-tolerant forest trees to a greater extent than growth of shade-intolerant trees, at least under the light and nutrient conditions of this experiment. We found no evidence to suggest that the age of tree seedlings greatly affected their response to elevated CO2 concentrations.

An Improved Canopy Access Technique

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel F. Tucker ◽  
John R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Mature Stand ◽  
Canopy Access ◽  
Hardwood Tree ◽  
Hunting And Fishing ◽  
North America North ◽  
Access Technique ◽  
Initial Line

Abstract Several canopy access techniques are reviewed including a preferred method that is presented in detail. Included is a description for devising the necessary equipment and step-by-step instruction for its use. The technique was developed for use with sugar maple with a crown base 12 to 16 m above the ground. A combination of mountaineering, hunting, and fishing equipment and techniques is employed to propel an initial line into the canopy and rig the tree so that a rope can be ascended. Based on several years of development and testing, the technique is assessed with regard to possible variations and other techniques. The method should be most useful for practitioners and researchers working in the crowns of mature, stand-grown hardwood tree species like those found in the northeastern and midwestern North America. North. J. Appl. For 8(1):29-32.

scholarly journals Effects of Small Patch Cutting on Sugar Maple Regeneration in New Hampshire Northern Hardwoods

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Leak
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Small Patch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Single Tree Selection ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Logging Disturbance

Abstract In many northern hardwood stands in New Hampshire and New England, partial cutting or single-tree selection results in understories with a high proportion of beech and other species with low timber values. Patch cutting, using small openings of about 1/4-ac in size or larger coupled with sufficient logging disturbance, has proved to be an effective way to replace understories of beech and other less valuable species with a new stand containing a high proportion of yellow and paper birch in mixture with other deciduous species. Unless present as well-developed advanced regeneration, sugar maple is seldom common in the new stands produced by small patch cutting. However, when these early successional stands reach 40–50 years of age, understories dominated by sugar maple and with lesser proportions of beech frequently develop, possibly due to the rich leaf-fall, lower proportions of beech litter, and/or changed light conditions. Although small patch cutting may not immediately regenerate abundant sugar maple, it appears as though this technique may help over time to maintain sugar maple as a significant component of northern hardwood forests. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):68–70.

Silvicultural Management of Beech and the Beech Bark Disease

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Ostrofsky ◽  
Maxwell L. McCormack
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Wood Harvesting ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Silvicultural Management ◽  
Paper Birch

Abstract Herbicides were used to control dense, advance reproduction of American beech and sprouting from roots and stumps of harvested beech in a northern hardwood stand in eastern Maine. Beech comprised 51% of the overstory basal area and was highly defective as a result of the beech bark disease. Beech saplings accounted for 80% of the advance reproduction. The herbicides glyphosate (Roundup®) or triclopyr (Garlon 3A®), applied using a backpack mist blower, were effective in reducing advance reproduction of beech by 100% and 93%, respectively. When applied in frills on larger beech six weeks prior to harvesting, glyphosate reduced the number of sprouts, two growing seasons after treatment, by 85%; triclopyr by 87%. Beech individuals believed to be resistant to infestation by the beech scale were left as a component of the residual overstory, along with sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, and paper birch. The two-stage application of herbicides followed by shelter-wood harvesting is a strategy for managing stands dominated by defective beech. North. J. Appl. For. 3:89-91, Sept. 1986.

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