Seasonal and long-term responses of host trees to microbial associates of the pine engraver, Ipspini

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1624-1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth F. Raffa ◽  
Eugene B. Smalley
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Lesion Formation ◽  
Pine Engraver ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Host Fungus ◽  
Lesion Growth

Within-season responses of Pinusresinosa and Pinusbanksiana to fungi vectored by the pine engraver, Ipspini, are strongly influenced by the month of inoculation. The seasonal pattern is a characteristic of the host-fungus interaction, rather than being indicative of either host-or fungal-specific properties alone. The most consistent trend was that early season inoculation resulted in more rapid lesion formation in sapwood than in phloem and that this difference declined as the growing season progressed. Prior inoculation had no effect on necrotic lesion formation. Inoculated trees were examined for three growing seasons. No significant damage related to treatment occurred to either P. resinosa or P. banksiana during this interval. However, Ceratocystisips persisted in living hosts for a longer period than did Ceratocystisnigrocarpa and showed signs of radial and vertical progression throughout the first and beginning of the second growing season. This was especially true in P. resinosa, the host in which the short-term studies revealed the lower lesion growth rate. There was no lesion formation during the third season. Inoculated fungi could be reisolated from within but not outside the resulting lesion.

scholarly journals Effects of Season of Burning on the Microenvironment of Fescue Prairie in Central Saskatchewan

2003 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. W. Archibold ◽  
E. A. Ripley ◽  
L. Delanoy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Season Of Burning

The microenvironmental effects of spring, summer and autumn burns were investigated for a small area of fescue prairie in Saskatchewan over two growing seasons. Maximum fire temperature in all burns exceeded 300°C at a height of 5-10 cm in the canopy. At a depth of 1 cm in the soil, temperature increased to 40°C during the summer burn, but was unaffected by burns at other seasons. Spring-burned grasses recovered to the same height as the unburned control plot by the end of the first summer. Grass height was similar in all plots by the end of the second growing season, but aboveground biomass in all burned plots was about half that of the control. Graminoid leaf area index at the end of the second growing season ranged from 0.65 in the control plot to 0.27 in the autumn burn. Surface albedos dropped to about 0.03 immediately after burning and took about 3 months to return to the pre-burn values near 0.20. By mid-June of the second year, albedos were similar in all plots. Soil temperatures at 50 cm depth in the burned plots were higher than in the control during the first summer and lower during the winter. The greatest winter snowpack (73 mm water equivalent) accumulated in the control, compared to 48, 35 and 25 mm in the spring, summer and autumn burned plots, respectively. In the first growing season the greatest demand for water occurred in the spring plot followed by the summer, control and autumn plots. In the second season water demand did not differ significantly among plots, reflecting the similarities in plant cover. The microenvironmental effects of a single burning episode in fescue prairie disappear rather quickly, so that there is little long-term impact on the vegetation.

Temporal patterns of ground flora response to fire in thinned Pinus–Quercus stands

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1171-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin G. Willson ◽  
Carson R. Barefoot ◽  
Justin L. Hart ◽  
Callie Jo Schweitzer ◽  
Daniel C. Dey
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Ground Flora ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Understory Richness ◽  
Growing Conditions

The ground flora stratum affects stand structure, resource acquisition, nutrient cycling, and taxonomic richness in forest ecosystems. Disturbances such as thinning and prescribed fire alter forest understory growing conditions that generally increase ground flora cover and richness. We studied annual changes in ground flora assemblages over three growing seasons after fire in thinned and frequently burned (3-year rotation) Pinus–Quercus stands. Our results corroborated trends from other studies that indicated greater ground flora richness and cover after thinning and burning compared with thin-only treatments. We also found that the stratum experienced relatively rapid succession between growing seasons that complimented the tolerance succession model. Forbs had reduced cover and richness from increasingly difficult growing conditions over time and were replaced by woody plants, shrubs, and seedlings. This likely occurred from changing competition dynamics that favored quick growth in the first growing season and long-term investment in vertical growth in the third growing season. The successful regeneration pathways also fit ground flora regeneration models and added a unique pathway to strengthen the predictive power of these models. As many stand management goals are focused towards improving biodiversity, prescribed fire and thinning may be used to increase understory richness in Pinus–Quercus stands.

Use of false rings in Austrian pine to reconstruct early growing season precipitation

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1691-1697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert Wimmer ◽  
Giorgio Strumia ◽  
Franz Holawe
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Dummy Variable ◽  
False Rings ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Earlywood Width ◽  
Linear Regressions

As a consequence of dry conditions, coniferous trees may produce radially smaller diameter tracheids within their tree rings before regular latewood formation starts. The resulting structures, which are commonly called false rings, have demonstrated utility as an environmental indicator. However, the climatic patterns behind false rings and their potential use in climate reconstruction models have been barely explored. The study is based on 313 Austrian pines (Pinus nigra Arn.) sampled at 29 sites in the Viennese basin, an area with low annual rainfall, extended dry periods during the growing season and usually severely cold winters. False rings relate significantly to May precipitation, and in years with higher false-ring proportions, a relationships with the combination of wet April, dry May, and wet June is often seen. In linear regressions, the presence-absence of false rings was used as a "dummy" variable and, together with earlywood width, explained 31% of variation in May precipitation. Years with high false-ring proportions were found when May precipitation was less than half its long-term average. False-ring trends during the past 100 years were closely associated with changing May rainfall pattern. Overall, false rings are shown to be a useful tree-ring feature and may be applied successfully in dendroclimatic studies, i.e., in the reconstruction of very low rainfall months in early growing seasons during pre-instrumental periods.

scholarly journals Ethylenediurea (EDU) effects on hybrid larch saplings exposed to ambient or elevated ozone over three growing seasons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgenios Agathokleous ◽  
Mitsutoshi Kitao ◽  
Takayoshi Koike
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Hybrid Larch ◽  
Ground Level Ozone ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Elevated Ozone

AbstractGround-level ozone (O3) pollution is a persistent environmental issue that can lead to adverse effects on trees and wood production, thus indicating a need for forestry interventions to mediate O3 effects. We treated hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × L. kaempferi) saplings grown in nutrient-poor soils with 0 or 400 mg L−1 water solutions of the antiozonant ethylenediurea (EDU0, EDU400) and exposed them to ambient O3 (AOZ; 08:00 − 18:00 ≈ 30 nmol mol−1) or elevated O3 (EOZ; 08:00 − 18:00 ≈ 60 nmol mol−1) over three growing seasons. We found that EDU400 protected saplings against most effects of EOZ, which included extensive visible foliar injury, premature senescence, decreased photosynthetic pigment contents and altered balance between pigments, suppressed gas exchange and biomass production, and impaired leaf litter decay. While EOZ had limited effects on plant growth (suppressed stem diameter), it decreased the total number of buds per plant, an effect that was not observed in the first growing season. These results indicate that responses to EOZ might have implications to plant competitiveness, in the long term, as a result of decreased potential for vegetative growth. However, when buds were standardized per unit of branches biomass, EOZ significantly increased the number of buds per unit of biomass, suggesting a potentially increased investment to bud development, in an effort to enhance growth potential and competitiveness in the next growing season. EDU400 minimized most of these effects of EOZ, significantly enhancing plant health under O3-induced stress. The effect of EDU was attributed mainly to a biochemical mode of action. Therefore, hybrid larch, which is superior to its parents, can be significantly improved by EDU under long-term elevated O3 exposure, providing a perspective for enhancing afforestation practices.

Vernolate for Augmentation of Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Control with Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 654-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Wyse
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sequential Treatment ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Agropyron Repens

A field experiment of 2 yr duration at two locations was conducted to determine the effectiveness of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) as single or combination treatments for quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.] control in a soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]-corn [Zea mays(L.)] rotation. Vernolate applied preplant incorporated at 3.36 kg/ha gave 30 to 58% and 28 to 34% quackgrass control at the end of the first and second growing seasons, respectively. Spring applications of glyphosate at 1.12 and 1.68 kg/ha before plowing gave 53 to 90% quackgrass control at the end of the second growing season. Glyphosate at 1.12 and 1.68 kg/ha followed by vernolate preplant incorporated at 3.36 kg/ha gave 85 to 99% quackgrass control at the end of the second growing season. Although vernolate did not provide effective long term quackgrass control, it did effectively augment quackgrass control when applied as a sequential treatment to glyphosate applied at 0.56 or 1.12 kg/ha.

scholarly journals Large zonal and temporal shifts in crops and cultivars coincide with warmer growing seasons in Finland

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio ◽  
Lauri Jauhiainen
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Trial Data ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Variety Trial ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Faba Beans ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Term Data ◽  
Novel Crops

Abstract In Finland, crop choices are limited, and cultivation is only possible in the regions where production risks and uncertainties are manageable. Climate change progresses rapidly at high latitudes and the thermal growing season is projected to become substantially longer in the future. This study aimed to monitor the regional shifts in major, secondary, minor and novel crops during 1996–2016 in Finland. We used long-term data from the Finnish Food Agency and evaluated changes in time to reach maturity of cultivars of model crops by using official variety trial data. Substantial changes were recorded in cultivation areas of crops, including expansion into new regions. Some of the traditional major crops such as oats (− 20%, i.e. − 75,700 ha from 1996 to 2016), barley (− 19%, − 105,700 ha) and potatoes (− 28%, − 4000 ha) have paved the way for emergent crops like faba beans (increase in area from 58 to 14,800 ha), peas (from 5700 to 13,400 ha), caraway (from 1900 to 18,400 ha) and spring oilseed rape (from 700 to 27,800 ha). Expansion per se was primarily enabled by climate warming, but success requires well-adapted cultivars, existing or emerging markets and industries or exports as well as motivating prices, policy support and valued ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Chemical control options for the dicamba resistant biotype of fathen (Chenopodium album)

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rahman ◽  
T.K. James ◽  
M.R. Trolove
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Weed Cover ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
Residual Control

Three field trials were conducted over two growing seasons to evaluate the efficacy of potential selective postemergence herbicides against dicamba resistant fathen (Chenopodium album) Results confirmed the presence of the biotype which tolerated dicamba up to 2400 g/ha eight times the recommended field rate Postemergence applications of bromoxynil pyridate nicosulfuron and mesotrione all showed equally good efficacy on both susceptible and resistant biotypes Flumetsulam provided good control in one of the three trials Nicosulfuron and mesotrione provided long term residual control in all trials with nicosulfuron also being more effective on grass weeds The 2400 g/ha rate of dicamba severely damaged the maize crop resulting in increased weed cover and reduced grain yield Numbers of viable fathen seeds in the soil at the end of the growing season remained similar to those recorded before planting except in plots that provided good control of fathen where numbers had dropped considerably

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Katri Nissinen ◽  
Virpi Virjamo ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

Smallseed Falseflax (Camelina microcarpa) Management in Oklahoma Winter Wheat

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jodie A. Crose ◽  
Misha R. Manuchehri ◽  
Todd A. Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Adequate Control ◽  
Growing Seasons

Abstract Three herbicide premixes have recently been introduced for weed control in wheat. These include: halauxifen + florasulam, thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr, and bromoxynil + bicyclopyrone. The objective of this study was to evaluate these herbicides along with older products for their control of smallseed falseflax in winter wheat in Oklahoma. Studies took place during the 2017, 2018, and 2020 winter wheat growing seasons. Weed control was visually estimated every two weeks throughout the growing season and wheat yield was collected in all three years. Smallseed falseflax size was approximately six cm in diameter at time of application in all years. Control ranged from 96 to 99% following all treatments with the exception of bicyclopyrone + bromoxynil and dicamba alone, which controlled falseflax 90%. All treatments containing an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide achieved adequate control; therefore, resistance is not suspected in this population. Halauxifen + florasulam and thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr effectively controlled smallseed falseflax similarly to other standards recommended for broadleaf weed control in wheat in Oklahoma. Rotational use of these products allows producers flexibility in controlling smallseed falseflax and reduces the potential for development of herbicide resistance in this species.

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