The growth and water use of three species of conifer seedlings planted on a high-elevation south-facing clearcut

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1234-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Livingston ◽  
T. A. Black
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Seedling Leaf

Container-grown 1-0 seedlings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and Pacific silver fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) were spring planted on a south-facing high-elevation clearcut located on Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and their growth and development was measured over three successive growing seasons. Treatments designed to modify seedling microclimate, including provision of shade cards, irrigation, and irrigation and shade cards combined, had a marked effect on the extent and type of growth in all species. Irrigated seedlings had the largest shoot dry masses and the highest shoot to root dry mass ratios. Shaded seedlings had larger shoots than untreated seedlings, which had the lowest shoot to root dry mass ratios. All seedlings showed a pronounced decline in seasonal growth 1 year after planting. Douglas-fir seedlings exhibited a high degree of drought tolerance; in the driest year there was only a 20% difference in total dry matter production between irrigated and nonirrigated seedlings. Western hemlock and Pacific silver fir seedlings, despite not being drought tolerant, expended water to achieve growth and thereby exposed themselves to desiccation. Measurements of growing-season seedling dry matter production were better related to estimates of growing-season transpiration, obtained by summing the products of seedling leaf area, hourly D/(RvT′), where D is vapour pressure deficit, Rv is the gas constant for water vapour, and T′ is the absolute air temperature, and stomatal conductance derived from a boundary-line analysis model, than to estimates of growing-season average total seedling canopy conductance, i.e., the average of the products of seedling leaf area and stomatal conductance.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and potassium supply and the morphogenic and productive characteristics of marandu palisadegrass

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1666-1675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcio Mahmoud Megda ◽  
Francisco Antonio Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
System Development ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Specific Length

The objective of this work was to study morphogenic characteristics, and dry matter production of roots and shoots of marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) submitted to combinations of nitrogen and potassium, in a nutritive solution, employing silica as substrate. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse during the summer. It was used a 5² fractionated factorial scheme with 13 combinations of nitrogen and potassium, which were distributed in a randomized block design, with four replications. The nitrogen × potassium interaction was significant for the number of tillers and leaves, for leaf area, for shoots and root section dry mass, for total length and surface and specific length and surface in the roots. Production of aerial part dry mass positively correlated with the number of tillers and leaves and grass leaf area. Nitrogen rates modulated the root system development, and the root specific length and surface decreased when high rates of nitrogen and potassium were supllied. Nitrogen and potassium influence Marandu palisadegrass morphogenic characteristics, which are determinant for grass dry matter production.

scholarly journals Does foliar silicon application enhance the biomass yield of millet silage, and does it provide significant economic gains?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. e41610414232
Author(s):  
Rilner Alves Flores ◽  
Marco Aurelio Pessoa de Sousa ◽  
Amanda Magalhães Bueno ◽  
Aline Franciel de Andrade ◽  
Jonas Pereira de Souza Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Matter Production

Millet is a grass that has been highlighted for silage production, especially for being a productive tropical plant, and undemanding concerning soil fertility. Silicon (Si) is an alternative low-cost solution to increase biomass production, and it has been noticed to be beneficial to plants, especially when there are stress conditions. So, we analyzed the effects of foliar silicon application to gas exchanges, dry biomass production, and economic efficiency. We used a completely randomized experimental design consisting of foliar application of the following five doses of Si: 0; 0.84; 1.68; 2.52; and 3.36 g L-1 of Si as potassium and sodium silicate, with five replications. We measured the plant height, leaf area, Si contents and accumulation in the plants, gas exchanges (stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthesis net), dry matter production, Si uptake and transport efficiency by plants and its economic efficiency. The Si content enhanced and accumulated in all parts of millet plants, reaching values between 2.5 and 3.3 g L-1. There were linear increases of approximately 9 and 27% in height and leaf area of millet plants to 3.36 g L-1 of Si. Stomatal conductance and transpiration reached maximum values representing an increase of 44.60 and 101.30%, respectively. The concentration of 3.36 g L-1 of Si increased photosynthesis by 76% and shoot dry matter production by 15%, when compared to the control. Si application is economically viable. The operational costs of application are suppressed, reaching to about US $ 45.32 ha-1 with the application of 2.52 g L-1 of Si.

DYNAMICS OF DRY MATTER PRODUCTION, TRANSPIRATION AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE OF MAIZE

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-219
Author(s):  
S. Szlovák ◽  
Z. Almási
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Final Harvest ◽  
Dry Matter Weight

A two-year pot experiment was carried out in a green-house to investigate the dry matter (DM) accumulation, distribution and redistribution in maize, the transpiration intensity/leaf area and the dry leaf weight. The uptake, distribution and redistribution of phosphorus was also studied. The total dry matter weight (DMW) of aerial plant parts increased up to 108 days after emergence (DAE) and then, with the exception of the grain, decreased to the final harvest. Averaged over two years, the most DM was transported to the grain from the stalk (69.41%) and the least from the leaf-sheath (1.69%). The lowest transpiration intensity calculated per dm 2 hour -1 was 0.41 g and the highest 1.35 g. The transpiration intensity calculated per unit weight of dry leaf blades was 0.62 and 2.80 g. In both years the total phosphorus uptake increased in all aboveground plant parts up to the 80 th day after emergence and then, with the exception of the grain, decreased to the final harvest. At the end of the growing season the grain stored most (84.85%) of the absorbed phosphorus, averaged over two years.

scholarly journals Control of Water Use by Pearl Millet (Pennisetum typhoides)

1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Squire ◽  
P. J. Gregory ◽  
J. L. Monteith ◽  
M. B. Russell ◽  
Piara Singh
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides ◽  
Matter Production

SUMMARYAt Hyderabad, India, stands of pearl millet were grown after the monsoon (a) with no irrigation after establishment and (b) with irrigation as needed to avoid stress. Increases of dry matter and leaf area were determined by regular harvesting. The interception of radiation by the foliage, uptake of water from the soil and stomatal conductance were monitored. Before anthesis at 42 days after sowing (DAS), the rate of dry matter production and the transpiration rate in the unirrigated stand were about 80% of the corresponding rates for the irrigated control, mainly because of a smaller stomatal conductance from 30 DAS. After anthesis, the unirrigated stand grew little and used only 10% of the water transpired by the control. This large difference was partitioned between loss of leaf area and smaller stomatal conductance in the ratio of approximately 2:1. Radiation intercepted by foliage in the irrigated stand produced 2.0 g of dry matter per MJ compared with 2.5 g MJ−1 for the same variety growing in the monsoon, a difference consistent with a smaller stomatal conductance in drier air.

scholarly journals Control of Water Use by Pearl Millet (Pennisetum typhoides)

1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Squire ◽  
P. J. Gregory ◽  
J. L. Monteith ◽  
M. B. Russell ◽  
Piara Singh
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides ◽  
Matter Production

SUMMARYAt Hyderabad, India, stands of pearl millet were grown after the monsoon (a) with no irrigation after establishment and (b) with irrigation as needed to avoid stress. Increases of dry matter and leaf area were determined by regular harvesting. The interception of radiation by the foliage, uptake of water from the soil and stomatal conductance were monitored. Before anthesis at 42 days after sowing (DAS), the rate of dry matter production and the transpiration rate in the unirrigated stand were about 80% of the corresponding rates for the irrigated control, mainly because of a smaller stomatal conductance from 30 DAS. After anthesis, the unirrigated stand grew little and used only 10% of the water transpired by the control. This large difference was partitioned between loss of leaf area and smaller stomatal conductance in the ratio of approximately 2:1. Radiation intercepted by foliage in the irrigated stand produced 2.0 g of dry matter per MJ compared with 2.5 g MJ−1 for the same variety growing in the monsoon, a difference consistent with a smaller stomatal conductance in drier air.

Low rates of phosphorus fertiliser applied strategically throughout the growing season under rain-fed conditions did not affect dry matter production of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Burkitt ◽  
D. J. Donaghy ◽  
P. J. Smethurst
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Intensively Managed

Pasture is the cheapest source of feed for dairy cows, therefore, dairy pastures in Australia are intensively managed to maximise milk production and profits. Although soil testing commonly suggests that soils used for dairy pasture production have adequate supplies of phosphorus (P), many Australian dairy farmers still apply fertiliser P, often by applying smaller rates more frequently throughout the year. This study was designed to test the hypotheses that more frequent, but lower rates of P fertiliser applied strategically throughout the growing season have no effect on dry matter production and P concentration in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), when soil extractable P concentrations are above the critical value reported in the literature. Three field sites were established on rain-fed dairy pasture soils ranging in P sorption capacity and with adequate soil P concentrations for maximising pasture production. Results showed that applied P fertiliser had no effect on pasture production across the 3 sites (P > 0.05), regardless of rate or the season in which the P was applied, confirming that no P fertiliser is required when soil extractable P concentrations are adequate. This finding challenges the viability of the current industry practice. In addition, applying P fertiliser as a single annual application in summer did not compromise pasture production at any of the 3 sites (P > 0.05), which supports the current environmental recommendations of applying P during drier conditions, when the risk of surface P runoff is generally lower. The current results also demonstrate that the short-term cessation of P fertiliser application may be a viable management option, as a minimal reduction in pasture production was measured over the experimental period.

INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD AND WATER STRESS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND DEVELOPMENT RATE OF BARLEY MEASURED IN HEAT UNITS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. DWYER ◽  
D. W. STEWART
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Heat Units ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Stress Maximum ◽  
Significant Yield

Barley (Hordeum vulgare ’Bruce’) was grown in a greenhouse under three photoperiods (8, 12 and 16 h) and nine watering treatments, resulting in different timing, duration and intensity of water stress. Phenological development, according to the Feekes scale, was monitored three times a week and leaf area was measured weekly from tillering to ripening. Final aboveground and root dry matter production and grain yield were obtained at harvest. Phenological observations were fit to a nonlinear photothermal model that expressed phenological development as a function of heat units modified by photoperiod. In the absence of water stress, maximum leaf area was directly proportional to photoperiod and the time of maximum leaf area was delayed at longer photoperiods. Water stress hastened leaf area senescence and, in general, the more severe the stress, the greater the reduction in leaf area. Most stress treatments also resulted in lower shoot/root ratios than found in well-watered controls, as well as significant yield reductions. Reduction in biomass and yield components appeared independent of photoperiod. In contrast, not only was phenological development rate proportional to photoperiod, but the effect of water stress on development rate was modified by photoperiod. Development was significantly delayed by several water stress treatments; no treatment significantly hastened development. A stress period from tillering to the beginning of stem extension caused the largest, and most consistent, delay and the duration of the delay was inversely proportional to the photoperiod.Key words: Barley, degree days, phenology, leaf area, biomass

Depressed fodder quality and increased oestrogenic activity of lucerne infected with Pseudopeziza medicaginis

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
WC Morgan ◽  
DG Parbery
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Fodder Quality ◽  
Matter Production

As well as reducing dry matter production of lucerne, infection of 15 % of the leaf area by Pseucbpeziza medicaginis reduced digestibility by 14% and crude protein content by 16%. Infection caused oestrogenic activity in green lucerne.

Growth and yield studies of Lupinus angustifolius and L. albus in Victoria

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (115) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Boundy ◽  
TG Reeves ◽  
HD Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Matter Production

The effect of serial planting on dry matter production, leaf area, grain yield and yield components cf Lupinus angustifoiius (cvv. Uniwhite, Uniharvest and Unicrop) and L. albus (cv. Ultra) was investigated in field plots at Rutherglen in 1973 and 1974. Delayed planting reduced dry matter production of all cultivars, and leaf area for Ultra. Differences in dry matter partitioning were observed between the late flowering Uniharvest, and the early flowering Unicrop and Ultra. In Uniharvest, delayed plantings resulted in a greater proportion of total dry matter being produced during the flowering phase, whereas the reverse was true for Unicrop and Ultra. The later flowering cultivars showed marked grain yield and yield component reduction with later sowing. Yields were reduced by 160.6 kg/ha and 222.5 kg/ha for each week's delay in sowing Uniharvest and Uniwhite, respectively. This effect was offset in the early flowering cultivars by greater development of lateral branches. In addition, when Unicrop and Ultra were planted in April, pod and flower abortion on the main stem resulted from low temperatures at flowering time. Optimum sowing time was early April for Uniwhite and Uniharvest, and early May for Unicrop and Ultra. Excellent vegetative growth under ideal moisture conditions highlighted the poor harvest indices of lupins and the scope for genetic improvement in the genus.

Growth responses of clonal lines of American sycamore grown under different intensities of nutrition

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Steinbeck
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Matter Distribution ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Seasonal Peak ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Clonal Lines

Four random clones of American sycamore supplied with four concentrations of Hoagland's solution differed in their response to and interacted with treatment as far as height and diameter growth and total dry matter production in the first growing season were concerned. Varying nutrient intensity did not affect the time of the seasonal peak of height and diameter growth; better growth was maintained subsequent to the seasonal peak at the higher concentrations, however. The proportions of the trees in terms of dry-matter distribution and branching characteristics changed with nutrient concentration.

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