Early selection for wood density in young coastal Douglas-fir trees

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1182-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefina S. Gonzalez ◽  
Jane Richards
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Improvement Effort

Selection age for wood density in vigorous coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) was determined by examining the following: strength of the correlation between total-stem wood density of 50-year-old trees and their breast-height density when the trees were 5 through 30 years old (breast-height age); efficiency in terms of gain per year of tree improvement effort by selecting at ages 5 through 30, relative to selecting at age 50. The linear regression and rank correlation between total-stem and breast-height densities improved as age increased from 5 to 15 years, but showed no significant improvement from 15 to 30 years. Densities of early-growth rings fluctuated considerably and their exclusion from the calculation of breast-height density enhanced the linear regression with total-stem density. Efficiency estimates in terms of gain per year showed an optimum value at age 15, but the estimates for ages 10–14 were nearly as efficient.

scholarly journals KERAGAMAN KERAPATAN KAYU BATANG DAN CABANG KOMUNITAS POHON DI HUTAN GUNUNG PAPANDAYAN, JAWA BARAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
Eka Fatmawati Tihurua ◽  
Endah Sulistyawati
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Ecosystem Processes ◽  
P Value ◽  
Density Data ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Branch Wood

Wood density is the functional character which has important role in the function of ecosystem. Stem and branch wood density have different trait and effect on its ecosystem processes. The objectives of this research are to know the diversity of stem and branch wood density and to analyze whether branch wood density could be used to estimate stem wood density in the Mount Papandayan. Six plots of 0.1 ha at different sites (three plots each in interior and edge forest) were established. Branches were collected from trees with diameter at breast height larger than 10 cm, while stem wood density data were obtained from some wood density sources. Research results showed that stem wood density ranges were 0.35–0.82 g/cm3, while branch wood density ranges were 0.33–0.61 g/cm3. Average of branch wood density was lower (0.48 ± 0.09 g/cm3) than stem wood density (0.61 ± 0.1 g/cm3). Linear regression analysis indicated that branch wood density could be used to estimate stem wood density of trees in Mount Papandayan which is showed by R2 value and correlation coefficient of 0.28 and 0.55 (p value < 0.001) respectively. 

scholarly journals Prediction of Whole-Stem α-Cellulose Yield, Lignin Content, and Wood Density in Juvenile and Mature Loblolly Pine

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Aspinwall ◽  
Bailian Li ◽  
Steven E. McKeand ◽  
Fikret Isik ◽  
Marcia L. Gumpertz
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Cellulose Yield ◽  
Weighted Averages ◽  
Breast Height

Abstract Models were developed for predicting whole-stem α-cellulose yield, lignin content, and wood density in 14- and 20-year-old loblolly pine across three different sites. Also, the relationships between juvenile-, transition-, and mature-wood α-cellulose yield, lignin content, and wood density at breast-height and overall whole-stem wood property values were examined. Whole-stem wood property weighted averages were calculated by taking 12-mm core samples at breast height and at 2.4-m incremental heights up each tree, and breast-height wood property values were then used to predict whole-stem weighted averages. Despite large differences in growth across sites and both ages, whole-stem models based on whole cores taken at breast height were not significantly different among sites, and coefficients of determination (R2) were 0.87, 0.74, and 0.78 for α-cellulose, lignin, and wood density, respectively. Generally, whole-stem prediction models based on sections of wood at breast height were not significantly different among sites and were less effective than cores as predictors, explaining between 39 and 82% of the variation in whole-stem wood traits. The results of this study indicate that the relationship between breast height and whole-stem wood chemical properties (and density) is predictable and consistent across sites in both juvenile and mature loblolly pine.

Some climatic aspects of biomass productivity of white spruce stem wood

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1075-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Jozsa ◽  
J. M. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Tree Ring Data ◽  
Canadian Boreal Forest ◽  
Old Trees

Biomass productivity was determined for white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) in the boreal forests of Alberta, the Northwest Territories, and Manitoba. Comparisons were made between southern and northern locations, between eastern and western transect locations, and between older (200 + years) and younger (110 years) trees. At 13 sampling locations, X-ray densitometric tree ring data were obtained from the base of the stem, breast height, and from five points equidistant along the stem. Markedly higher stem wood biomass productivity was found for the 110-year-old trees than for the 210-year-old trees in Alberta; average ring weights were 3.8 and 1.2 g for the first 100 years of growth in 1 cm thick disks at breast height. These results suggest that climatic warming since the end of the Little Ice Age (ca. 1850) has resulted in higher biomass productivity in the Canadian boreal forest.

DISTRIBUTION AND VITALITY OF XYLEM RAYS IN RELATION TO TREE LEAF AREA IN DOUGLAS-FIR

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara L. Gartner ◽  
David C. Baker ◽  
Rachel Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Tree Leaf

The factors that determine sapwood width and volume in a tree are not known. This study asked whether sapwood width is related to a need for stem storage sites. Experiments were conducted on 12 34-year-old Douglas-fir [(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] trees with a 6-7 fold range of leaf areas and leaf area/sapwood volumes. Because of declining ray frequency but constant average ray area, ray volume declined for the first 6-10 growth rings, then remained constant, and did not vary with height (breast height vs. 10 nodes from the top). Fewer of the ray parenchyma cells had nuclei in inner than outer sapwood. Inner sapwood had ray parenchyma with smaller rounder nuclei than did outer sapwood, and there was no effect of height. There was a positive relationship between leaf area and the relative volume of ray in outer sapwood at breast height (r = 0.646, p = 0.02), supporting the hypothesis that Douglas-fir trees with larger leaf areas have higher ray volume than do trees with smaller leaf areas. However, correlations of leaf area I sapwood volume with leaf area at either height were not significant, nor were correlations of either leaf area or leaf area/sapwood volume with measures of ray vitality (nuclear frequency in outer sapwood, or the ratio of nuclear frequency in the middle I outer sapwood or in inner I outer sapwood). These latter correlations give no evidence that Douglas-fir trees determine their sapwood volume based on a need for quantity of vital xylem rays.

scholarly journals Dynamics of cavitation in a Douglas-fir tree-ring: transition-wood, the lord of the ring?

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. e005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermina Dalla-Salda ◽  
María Elena Fernández ◽  
Anne-Sophie Sergent ◽  
Philippe Rozenberg ◽  
Eric Badel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Conductive Surface ◽  
Lower Transition ◽  
Successive Initiation ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Transition Wood

The objective of this work was to investigate the dynamics of embolism formation within a Douglas-fir tree-ring. Four resistant and four vulnerable 10-year-old trees were selected among 50 trees, based on their P50. Stem samples, taken next to those used to obtain the vulnerability to cavitation curves, were collected and submitted to increasing positive pressures, in order to simulate increasing tension caused by water stress in the xylem. Then the conductive surface of the samples was stained and scanned and the images were analyzed. X-ray microdensity profiles were obtained on the same samples. The microdensity profiles of the 2011 ring were analyzed in three parts, earlywood, transition-wood and latewood. The dynamics of embolism propagation was observed separately in these three parts. Our results showed that the initiation and the propagation of the cavitation follow a discrete trend, with at least two successive initiation events: first cavitation initiates and propagates rapidly in the latewood. Then, a second cavitation event begins and spreads in the earlywood and eventually propagates to the transition-wood, which remains the last conductive part in the ring before full embolism. We observed that resistant to cavitation trees showed lower transition-wood density than vulnerable to cavitation trees. 

scholarly journals Drought-driven wildfire impacts on structure and dynamics in a wet Central Amazonian forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1951) ◽  
pp. 20210094
Author(s):  
Aline Pontes-Lopes ◽  
Camila V. J. Silva ◽  
Jos Barlow ◽  
Lorena M. Rincón ◽  
Wesley A. Campanharo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Forest Dynamics ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
The Third ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Structure And Dynamics

While the climate and human-induced forest degradation is increasing in the Amazon, fire impacts on forest dynamics remain understudied in the wetter regions of the basin, which are susceptible to large wildfires only during extreme droughts. To address this gap, we installed burned and unburned plots immediately after a wildfire in the northern Purus-Madeira (Central Amazon) during the 2015 El-Niño. We measured all individuals with diameter of 10 cm or more at breast height and conducted recensuses to track the demographic drivers of biomass change over 3 years. We also assessed how stem-level growth and mortality were influenced by fire intensity (proxied by char height) and tree morphological traits (size and wood density). Overall, the burned forest lost 27.3% of stem density and 12.8% of biomass, concentrated in small and medium trees. Mortality drove these losses in the first 2 years and recruitment decreased in the third year. The fire increased growth in lower wood density and larger sized trees, while char height had transitory strong effects increasing tree mortality. Our findings suggest that fire impacts are weaker in the wetter Amazon. Here, trees of greater sizes and higher wood densities may confer a margin of fire resistance; however, this may not extend to higher intensity fires arising from climate change.

scholarly journals Species-specific basic stem-wood densities for twelve indigenous forest and shrubland species of known age, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Marden ◽  
Suzanne Lambie ◽  
Larry Burrows
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Indigenous Forest ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Softwood Species

Background: Tree carbon estimates for New Zealand indigenous tree and shrub species are largely based on mean basic stem-wood densities derived from a limited number of trees, often of unspecified age and from a limited number of sites throughout New Zealand. Yet stem-wood density values feed directly into New Zealand’s international and national greenhouse gas accounting. We augment existing published basic stem-wood density data with new age-specific values for 12 indigenous forest and shrubland species, including rarely obtained values for trees <6-years old, across 21 widely-distributed sites between latitudes 35° and 46° S, and explore relationships commonly used to estimate carbon stocks. Methods: The volume of 478 whole stem-wood discs collected at breast height (BH) was determined by water displacement, oven dried, and weighed. Regression analyses were used to determine possible relationships between basic stem-wood density, and tree height, root collar diameter (RCD), and diameter at breast height (DBH). Unbalanced ANOVA was used to determine inter-species differences in basic stem-wood density in 5-yearly age groups (i.e. 0–5 years, 6–10 years etc.) (P<0.05). As specific taxa of Kunzea ericoides (Myrtaceae) has only been identified at some study sites we combine the data from each site, and use the term Kunzea spp. We compare our age- and species-specific results with existing published data where age is specified versus non-age-specific values. Results: Kunzea spp. and Leptospermum scoparium exhibited positive correlations between basic stem-wood density and tree height, RCD, and DBH. No relationships were established for Melicytus ramiflorus, Coprosma grandiflora, Weinmannia racemosa ?6-years old, or for Podocarpus totara, Agathis australis, Vitex lucens, and Alectryon excelsus <6-years old. Dacrydium cupressinum and Prumnopitys ferruginea <6-years old exhibited a significant positive relationship with DBH only, while for Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, each correlation was negative. Irrespective of age, basic stem-wood density is not different between the hardwood species L. scoparium and Kunzea spp. but is significantly greater (P=0.001) than that of the remaining, and predominantly softwood species of equivalent age. For Kunzea spp., L. scoparium, Coprosma grandiflora, Weinmannia racemosa, and Melicytus ramiflorus ?6-years old there was no evidence that basic stem-wood density increased with tree age, and values were within the range of published and unpublished data. For naturally reverting stands of Kunzea spp. located between latitudes 35° to 46° S, basic stem-wood density values tended to increase with decreased elevation and increased temperature. Conclusions: Increasing basic wood density values in Kunzea spp. with decreased elevation and increased temperature suggest that where local data are available its use would improve the accuracy of biomass estimates both locally and nationally. Furthermore, refining biomass estimates for existing communities of mixed softwood species, stands of regenerating shrubland, and new plantings of indigenous species will require additional basic stem-wood density values for scaling from stem wood volume to total stand biomass.

Effect of Physiological Age and Site on Microfibril Angle in Pinus Radiata

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Physiological Aging ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Old Trees

The effect of physiological age (shoot age at propagation) and site on microfibril angle was examined for seedlings (physiological age = 0 years) and cuttings (physiological age = 5-16 years) of Pinus radiata D. Don. Two trials were examined by measuring microfibril angle in alternate growth rings on breast height discs. In the first trial, two sites were compared for ll-year-old trees propagated from seedlings, and cuttings of comparable genotype, at 0 and 5 years physiological age, respectively. In the second trial, a single site was examined comparing 25-year-old trees propagated from open pollinated seedlings, and cuttings physiologically aged by 12-16 years, originating from 10 seed-orchard clones. In each trial there was a significant effect of physiological age for microfibril angle in the first 9 growth rings with a greater effect in the trees of greater physiological age. Physiological aging produced a significant decrease in microfibril angles in the juvenile wood, on average reducing microfibril angle to values below 35° in trees aged by 12-16 years. Juvenile wood size, as indicated by the point at which microfibril angle gradient changes, was reduced by an average of two rings in both sets of aged cuttings examined. There was no effect of site in the material examined. Differences were consistent among seedling/ramet pairs of similar genotype. The use of aged cuttings rather than seedlings should result in increased stiffness of the juvenile wood and reduced longitudinal shrinkage. However, other changes associated with physiological aging, such as reduced basic density and growth rate, may affect the practicality of using highly.

Genetic variation of wood density components in young coastal Douglas-fir: implications for tree breeding

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1801-1807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus Vargas-Hernandez ◽  
W. T. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Control Individual ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Efficiency Of Selection

The genetic control of wood density components (earlywood density, latewood density, and latewood proportion) and their relationships with overall density in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) were examined to assess the usefulness of this information in breeding for wood density. The genetic relationships of wood density with intraring density variation and bole volume growth were also investigated. Increment cores were taken at breast height from 15-year-old trees of 60 open-pollinated families. Averages across each core for overall wood density, its components, and intraring density variation were determined by using X-ray densitometry. Bole volume at age 15 for the same trees was derived from tree height and diameter at breast height measurements. Although wood density components varied significantly among families and were under moderate genetic control (individual-tree heritability (hi2) > 0.24), none had a higher heritability than overall density (hi2 = 0.59). Density components had strong genetic correlations with overall density (r ≥ 0.74) but were also strongly related among themselves (0.57 ≤ r ≤ 0.92). Thus, density components have limited value in improving the efficiency of selection for overall density. Overall density was positively correlated with intraring density variation (r = 0.72) and negatively correlated with bole volume (r = −0.52). Comparison of several selection indices incorporating wood density and one or more growth traits, however, showed that it is possible to obtain substantial gains in bole volume without loss in (or even with a modest increase in) wood density. By restricting the response in wood density, the change in intraring density variation can also be limited.

Variation of fibre length within trees of Fraxinusexcelsior

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Denne ◽  
V. Whitbread
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Increment Core ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
European Ash

A systematic internodal analysis within three 22-year-old trees of European ash (Fraxinusexcelsior L.) showed that fibre length increased rapidly from the first ring from the pith outwards to about ring 7 (which coincided with maximum leaf weight within the crown), then increased more slowly to a maximum at about ring 14 (formed below the base of the crown). Since there was little variation in this pattern of increase in fibre length with height in the tree, an increment core taken at breast height should give an adequate indication of fibre length in the whole trunk in trees of this age. Fibre length varied significantly between seasons, independent of age or level in tree.Within growth rings, fibre length increased from earlywood to latewood, reaching a maximum before the end of the latewood. Fibre length was not correlated with ring width between rings (excluding the first five rings from the pith); this suggests that in Fraxinusexcelsior management treatments increasing wood production would not necessarily have an adverse effect on fibre length.

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