Control of height growth components in seedlings of California red and white fir by seed source and water stress

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Hallgren ◽  
John A. Helms
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Needle Primordia

Terminal bud growth in 2nd-year seedlings and subsequent elongation of the overwintering bud in the 3rd year were studied in California red fir (Abiesmagnifica A. Murr.) and two elevational sources of white fir (A. concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl.). During each growing season the seedlings were either watered or left unwatered to provide 2nd and 3rd year treatments of wet–wet, dry–wet, wet–dry, and dry–dry seasons. Harvests were done biweekly during the second growing season and once at the end of the third growing season. Rate and duration of primordium production were negatively related and there were no differences among seed sources for the number of primordia produced in the 2nd year. Watering more than doubled the number of primordia, mainly through increasing the rate of production. Internode number and length were negatively related on a genetic and environmental basis. Changes in internode length tended to compensate for environmentally induced changes in internode number which resulted in a year to year stability in height growth. Height growth was more buffered against changes in internode number in red fir than in white fir. Watering induced a summer shoot in 80% of low-elevation white fir seedlings and 40% of red fir and high-elevation white fir seedlings. Summer shoots doubled the height increment for the current season and increased the number of needle primordia in the winter bud by 26%. The larger buds were the result of a prolonged period of primordium production.

The effects of summer shoot production on height growth components of seedlings of California red and white fir

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 690-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Hallgren ◽  
John A. Helms
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Apical Dome ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
Needle Primordia

Morphogenesis of the terminal shoot was studied in 2-year-old seedlings of California red fir (Abiesmagnifica A. Murr.) and two elevational sources of white fir (Abiesconcolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.). Seedlings were either watered or left unwatered during the growing season in order to produce different shoot morphologies and seedlings with and without a summer shoot. Under favorable soil moisture, the frequency of summer shoot production was 32, 53, and 82% for red fir and high- and low-elevation white fir, respectively. Drought from mid-May to mid-September reduced summer shoot production to less than 1% in both species. Spring shoot morphology was not an indicator of capacity to produce a summer shoot. Rate of primordium production was directly related to apical dome diameter. However, when the normal spring increase in apical dome diameter was arrested by summer shoot elongation, the rate of primordium production appeared to be unaffected. Although the apical and subapical meristems were active at the same time, they did not appear to be antagonistic. The major effects of producing a summer shoot were as follows: (i) elongation of 60–120% more intemodes in the current growing season, (ii) production of 15–40% more needle primordia in the overwintering bud, (iii) production of 30–60% more primordia annually, and (iv) increase in the percentage of total primordium production that developed into needles from 60% to 75–80%.

Effects of prolonged cold storage on phenology and performance of Douglas-fir and noble fir 2 + 0 seedlings from high-elevation sources

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Hsiung Tung ◽  
Luci Wisniewski ◽  
David R. DeYoe
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Noble Fir

Survival, phenology, and growth performance of 2 + 0 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and noble fir (Abiesprocera Rehd.) seedlings planted at 1500 m in the Oregon Cascade Range were determined following a lifting on November 7 with 7 months of cold storage or lifting on March 1 with 3 months of cold storage. Storage temperature remained between 1 and 2 °C. There was no difference in Douglas-fir survival attributable to the lifting – cold-storage treatments during the first two growing seasons. The first-season survival of noble fir stored for 7 months was superior to that of those stored for 3 months, but no difference was evident after the second growing season. Timing of bud burst did not differ significantly among treatments for either species. However, the rate of bud burst was significantly greater for noble fir seedlings lifted in November and stored 7 months than for those lifted in March and stored 3 months. No difference in the rate of bud burst was observed between treatments for Douglas-fir. Shoot/root ratio for both species and treatments decreased significantly in the first growing season, but did not change significantly in the second growing season. Regardless of species, no differences were found in height growth or diameter increment between the two lifting – cold-storage treatments for the two consecutive growing seasons. The results suggest that Douglas-fir and noble fir seedlings originating from high-elevation seed sources can be lifted in fall and cold stored for 7 months without adverse effects on seedling performance.

Terminal leader failure in white spruce plantations in northern Minnesota

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bruce Harding
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Replacement Process

Terminal leader failure from bud mortality occurred in 46% of plantation white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) trees, 19–43 years old. Frost damage was identified as the causal factor of bud mortality, with all plantations being established from seed sources of local origin. Large differences in terminal bud failure rates were noted between year of observation, tree size class, and stand age-class. Dominant trees, 33–43 years old, had a 3 year failure rate ranging from 16 to 51 %. For dominant trees, an 18% (9 cm) height growth reduction per year of incidence was noted. The lateral replacement process could account for greater than a 2 m height reduction for dominants at age 50 years, confounding estimates of potential site quality. The height growth of overtopped trees responded differently to frost damage than dominants, with replacement laterals averaging 38% (8 cm) greater height growth than apical terminals of undamaged trees.

Growth losses from winter drying (red belt damage) in lodgepole pine stands on the east slopes of the Rockies in Alberta

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1289-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Bella ◽  
S. Navratil
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Growth Loss ◽  
Annual Volume ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Rotation Age

Red belt damage (reddening and death of foliage) occurs frequently in lodgepole pine Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm. stands between certain elevations and may affect tree growth and even cause mortality. We examined growth impact in four pine stands (10, 55, 90, and 115 years old) where nearly all trees showed symptoms of damage. On young trees, visible damage ranged from 0 to 80% of foliage, and averaged about 35%. A highly significant reduction in height growth and terminal bud length (p < 0.01) of young trees was proportional to the amount of damage. As much as two-thirds growth loss occurred in trees with 60% or more necrotized foliage. On intermediate and mature lodgepole pine, reduction of annual volume increment in the growing season following damage was variable and reached as high as 50%, with no further significant reduction occurring in subsequent years. Potential yield losses at rotation age and forest management prescriptions for susceptible stands are presented.

Shoot apical growth and cataphyll initiation rates in provenances of Pinusconforta in Scotland

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin G. R. Cannell
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Model Matching ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Apical Dome ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Component C ◽  
Doubling Times

The dynamics of terminal bud development on seven 3-year-old nursery-grown provenances of Pinuscontorta Dougl. were monitored by sampling buds at 1- to 3-weekly intervals during one growing season. Differences in rates of cataphyll initiation occurred which were analysed in terms of (a) the projected areas of the apical domes, which changed over the season, (b) the relative rates at which the apical domes expanded radially during a plastochrone (square millimetres per square millimetre), as shown by the extent to which the new cataphyll primordia receded away from the domes, and (c) the projected areas of the tissues used to form new cataphyll primordia. Component a was a measure of the size of the apical dome meristems and b was a measure of their rates of 'activity.' A model-matching method is described to measure b.Those provenances which produced most cataphylls during the growing season developed and maintained large apical domes (component a above). There were unexpectedly small provenance differences in the apical dome 'activity' in midsummer (component b defined above), although differences occurred in spring and autumn. Differences in the projected areas of the new cataphyll primordia (component c) were inversely related to cataphyll initiation rates. Apical dome tissue doubling times in midsummer were estimated to be less than 120 h, irrespective of provenance.Inland provenances had small but relatively 'active' apical domes in spring, but they produced cataphyll primordia as products of this growth rather than reinvesting in apical dome 'capital.' Consequently, their apical domes remained small. Coastal Alaskan provenances, on the other hand, developed large apical domes, but these domes ceased to be very 'active' after the end of August. The apical domes on south coastal provenances did not become 'active' until early summer, but their domes were relatively large even in spring, became much larger by late summer, and they remained 'active' until mid-September.Implications are noted regarding cross-breeding of complementary genotypes to increase needle production and height growth.

scholarly journals Provenance and Production Location Affects Growth and Quality of Quercus phellos and Q. shumardii Seedlings

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-208
Author(s):  
Cecil Pounders ◽  
Donna C. Fare ◽  
Christopher Cheatham
Keyword(s):  
Marked Effect ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Production Location ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Production Environments ◽  
Seed Origin ◽  
Quercus Phellos

Abstract Seed origin is an important part of oak production that is often ignored by many shade tree growers when selecting material for production. Results of this study indicate interactions between seed sources and production environments have a marked effect on growth and quality of seedlings of willow (Quercus phellos L.) and shumard (Q. shumardii Buckl.) oak in the first two years of production. Seedlings from selected provenances, grown in different hardiness zones, varied more in plant height than trunk caliper and quality. Seedlings from the southern part of the native range of the two species generally grew better in both climates the first growing season. After the second season, total height growth for the various provenances indicated provenance genotype was more important than where seeds were collected. Provenances from the southern native range did not out perform those collected from the central and northern sectors. Exposing seedlings from various provenances to four environmental regiments at two production locations (MS-TN, TN-MS, MS-MS, and TN-TN; referring to year1-year 2, respectively) was more effective at detecting seedlings from provenances with broad environmental adaptation than simply comparing growth at the two locations.

scholarly journals Analogy-Based Crop Yield Forecasts Based on Temporal Similarity of Leaf Area Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3069
Author(s):  
Yadong Liu ◽  
Junhwan Kim ◽  
David H. Fleisher ◽  
Kwang Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Wide Range

Seasonal forecasts of crop yield are important components for agricultural policy decisions and farmer planning. A wide range of input data are often needed to forecast crop yield in a region where sophisticated approaches such as machine learning and process-based models are used. This requires considerable effort for data preparation in addition to identifying data sources. Here, we propose a simpler approach called the Analogy Based Crop-yield (ABC) forecast scheme to make timely and accurate prediction of regional crop yield using a minimum set of inputs. In the ABC method, a growing season from a prior long-term period, e.g., 10 years, is first identified as analogous to the current season by the use of a similarity index based on the time series leaf area index (LAI) patterns. Crop yield in the given growing season is then forecasted using the weighted yield average reported in the analogous seasons for the area of interest. The ABC approach was used to predict corn and soybean yields in the Midwestern U.S. at the county level for the period of 2017–2019. The MOD15A2H, which is a satellite data product for LAI, was used to compile inputs. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of crop yield forecasts was <10% for corn and soybean in each growing season when the time series of LAI from the day of year 89 to 209 was used as inputs to the ABC approach. The prediction error for the ABC approach was comparable to results from a deep neural network model that relied on soil and weather data as well as satellite data in a previous study. These results indicate that the ABC approach allowed for crop yield forecast with a lead-time of at least two months before harvest. In particular, the ABC scheme would be useful for regions where crop yield forecasts are limited by availability of reliable environmental data.

scholarly journals Past and future snowmelt trends in the Swiss Alps: the role of temperature and snowpack

2021 ◽  
Vol 165 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vorkauf ◽  
Christoph Marty ◽  
Ansgar Kahmen ◽  
Erika Hiltbrunner
Keyword(s):  
Snow Depth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Alpine Plants ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Freezing Damage ◽  
Strong Shift ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Early Snowmelt

AbstractThe start of the growing season for alpine plants is primarily determined by the date of snowmelt. We analysed time series of snow depth at 23 manually operated and 15 automatic (IMIS) stations between 1055 and 2555 m asl in the Swiss Central Alps. Between 1958 and 2019, snowmelt dates occurred 2.8 ± 1.3 days earlier in the year per decade, with a strong shift towards earlier snowmelt dates during the late 1980s and early 1990s, but non-significant trends thereafter. Snowmelt dates at high-elevation automatic stations strongly correlated with snowmelt dates at lower-elevation manual stations. At all elevations, snowmelt dates strongly depended on spring air temperatures. More specifically, 44% of the variance in snowmelt dates was explained by the first day when a three-week running mean of daily air temperatures passed a 5 °C threshold. The mean winter snow depth accounted for 30% of the variance. We adopted the effects of air temperature and snowpack height to Swiss climate change scenarios to explore likely snowmelt trends throughout the twenty-first century. Under a high-emission scenario (RCP8.5), we simulated snowmelt dates to advance by 6 days per decade by the end of the century. By then, snowmelt dates could occur one month earlier than during the reference periods (1990–2019 and 2000–2019). Such early snowmelt may extend the alpine growing season by one third of its current duration while exposing alpine plants to shorter daylengths and adding a higher risk of freezing damage.

Boreal forest provenance tests used to predict optimal growth and response to climate change: 2. Black spruce

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley M. Thomson ◽  
Claire L. Riddell ◽  
William H. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Survival Data ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Provenance Trials ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Height, diameter, and survival data were obtained from 20 range-wide black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) provenance trials established from 1973 to 1977. Population response functions based on February minimum temperatures were developed for 23 Ontario and Great Lakes states provenances to predict climate values maximizing height growth for individual seed sources. Site transfer functions based on February maximum temperatures and May maximum temperatures were developed for five test sites to predict climate values maximizing height growth for test locations. Contour lines representing optimal performance were fitted to current (1961–1990) and future (2041–2070) climate grids. For black spruce seed sources from the east of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, optimal height growth was achieved between 45° and 47°N; for the western sources optimal performance moved north between 46° and 48°N. In eastern Ontario, height growth of northern sources may increase with transfer to warmer environments and with future temperature increases. Central sources are currently growing at or close to optimum and will be negatively affected by increased future temperatures. Southern sources may currently benefit from transfer to cooler environments, and the effects of global warming may cause significant height growth loss and the potential extirpation of local populations.

Silver Maple Seed Sources for Increased Biomass Production

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Kopp ◽  
Wayne A. Geyer ◽  
William R. Lovett
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Stem Number ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
South Central ◽  
Maple Seed

Abstract Silver maple shows promise for use in short-rotation intensive culture energy plantings. A seed source study composed of trees from 26 midwest locations was established in south-central Nebraska in 1979 to determine where silver maple seed should be collected for use in the central Great Plains. Trees were evaluated for survival, height growth, and number of dominant stems per tree during their seventh growing season. Sources from eastern Nebraska, western Iowa, eastern Kansas, and northwest Missouri generally exhibited the greatest survival, height growth, and number of dominant stems. Height growth appears to be under stronger genetic control than stem number, suggesting that selection for height should take priority when selecting trees for biomass production. Geographic trends related to survival and height growth, but not stem number, were observed. Environmental or geographic factors that are strong predictors of seed source performance could not be identified. Planting the most locally produced seed is advisable for the central Plains. North. J. Appl. For. 5:180-184, Sept. 1988.

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