Cross-sectional area relationships in root systems of loblolly and shortleaf pine

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 556-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Carlson ◽  
Constance A. Harrington
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
Highly Correlated

The relationship between cross-sectional root area at groundline and composite root area (the sum of the areas of the first-order lateral roots plus the area of the taproot subtending the most distal lateral root) was examined in 3- to 9-year-old loblolly and shortleaf pine (Pinustaeda L. and P. echinata Mill.). For both species, root area at groundline and composite root area were highly correlated, and the slopes in equations relating the two root areas were close to 1.0. These results imply that (i) the pipe model of tree form is appropriate for young root systems, and (ii) the development of basal stem diameter is directly related to root system development.

scholarly journals Longleaf Pine Root System Development and Seedling Quality in Response to Copper Root Pruning and Cavity Size

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Anne Sword Sayer ◽  
Shi-Jean Susana Sung ◽  
James D. Haywood
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Cavity Size ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Primary Lateral

Abstract Cultural practices that modify root system structure in the plug of container-grown seedlings have the potential to improve root system function after planting. Our objective was to assess how copper root pruning affects the quality and root system development of longleaf pine seedlings grown in three cavity sizes in a greenhouse. Copper root pruning increased seedling size, the allocation of root system dry weight to the taproot, and the fraction of fibrous root mass allocated to secondary lateral roots compared with primary lateral roots. It decreased the allocation of root system dry weight to primary lateral roots and led to a distribution of root growth potential that more closely resembled the root growth of naturally sown seedlings. These effects of copper root pruning may benefit longleaf pine establishment. However, because copper root pruning increased competition for cavity growing space among the taproot and fibrous roots, we suggest that recommendations regarding cavity size and seedling quality parameters be tailored for copper-coated cavities.

scholarly journals Bioactive Cytokinins Are Selectively Secreted by Sinorhizobium meliloti Nodulating and Nonnodulating Strains

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1225-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kisiala ◽  
Carole Laffont ◽  
R. J. Neil Emery ◽  
Florian Frugier
Keyword(s):  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
System Development ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Meliloti Strain

Bacteria present in the rhizosphere of plants often synthesize phytohormones, and these signals can consequently affect root system development. In legumes, plants adapt to nitrogen starvation by forming lateral roots as well as a new organ, the root nodule, following a symbiotic interaction with bacteria collectively referred to as rhizobia. As cytokinin (CK) phytohormones were shown to be necessary and sufficient to induce root nodule organogenesis, the relevance of CK production by symbiotic rhizobia was questioned. In this study, we analyzed quantitatively, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the production of 25 forms of CK in nine rhizobia strains belonging to four different species. All bacterial strains were able to synthesize a mix of CK, and bioactive forms of CK, such as iP, were notably found to be secreted in bacterial culture supernatants. Use of a mutant affected in extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production revealed a negative correlation of EPS production with the ability to secrete CK. In addition, analysis of a nonnodulating Sinorhizobium meliloti strain revealed a similar pattern of CK production and secretion when compared with a related nodulating strain. This indicates that bacterially produced CK are not sufficient to induce symbiotic nodulation.

scholarly journals Co-fertilization of sulfur and struvite-phosphorus in a slow-release fertilizer improves soybean cultivation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella F. Valle ◽  
Amanda S. Giroto ◽  
Gelton G. F. Guimarães ◽  
Kerstin A. Nagel ◽  
Anna Galinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Root System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
World Population ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizers

In face of the alarming world population growth predictions and its threat to food security, the development of sustainable fertilizer alternatives is urgent. Moreover, fertilizer performance should be assessed not only in terms of yield but also root system development, as it impacts soil fertility and crop productivity. Fertilizers containing a polysulfide matrix (PS) with dispersed struvite (St) were studied for S and P nutrition due to their controlled-release behavior. Soybean cultivation with St/PS composites provided superior biomass compared to a reference of triple superphosphate (TSP) with ammonium sulfate (AS), with up to 3 and 10 times higher mass of shoots and roots, respectively. Additionally, St/PS achieved a 22% sulfur use efficiency against only 8% from TSP/AS. Root system architectural changes may explain these results, with higher proliferation of second order lateral roots in response to struvite ongoing P delivery. Overall, the composites showed great potential as efficient controlled-release fertilizers for enhanced soybean productivity.

scholarly journals IBA endogenous auxin regulates Arabidopsis root system development in a glutathione-dependent way and is important for adaptation to phosphate deprivation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Trujillo-Hernandez ◽  
Laetitia Bariat ◽  
Lucia C. Strader ◽  
Jean-Philippe Reichheld ◽  
Christophe Belin
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
System Development ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Indole Butyric Acid ◽  
Phosphate Deprivation ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Glutathione Deficiency

AbstractRoot system architecture results from a highly plastic developmental process to perfectly adapt to environmental conditions. In particular, the development of lateral roots (LR) and root hair (RH) growth are constantly optimized to the rhizosphere properties, including biotic and abiotic constraints. Every step of root system development is tightly controlled by auxin, the driving morphogenic hormone in plants. Glutathione, a major thiol redox regulator, is also critical for root system development but its interplay with auxin is still scarcely understood. Indeed, previous works showed that glutathione deficiency does not alter root responses to exogenous indole acetic acid (IAA), the main active auxin in plants. Because indole butyric acid (IBA), another endogenous auxinic compound, is an important source of IAA for the control of root development, we investigated the crosstalk between glutathione and IBA during root development. We show that glutathione deficiency alters LR and RH responses to exogenous IBA but not IAA. Although many efforts have been deployed, we could not identify the precise mechanism responsible for this control. However, we could show that both glutathione and IBA are required for the proper responses of RH to phosphate deprivation, suggesting an important role for this glutathione-dependent regulation of auxin pathway in plant developmental adaptation to its environment.

Ectomycorrhiza formation and root development patterns of conifer seedlings on a high-elevation mine site

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1145-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Grossnickle ◽  
C. P. P. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
System Development ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Mine Site ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
One Year

Three conifer species, Pinuscontorta Dougl., Pinusflexilis James, and Piceaengelmannii Parry ex Engelm. were inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch, Suillusgranulatus (L. ex Fr.) Kuntze, and Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. These, plus noninoculated seedlings were planted under two fertilization treatments and grown for 5 years on a high-elevation (3200 m) mine site. One-year-old P. contorta and P. engelmannii seedlings inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungi P. tinctorius and S. granulatus were planted under two fertilization and three water conservation treatments, and grown on a high-elevation mine site for 1 year. After one growing season, mycorrhizae formed by P. tinctorius and S. granulatus were still visible on P. contorta seedlings root systems. However, after five growing seasons, P. tinctorius and C. geophilum were not visible on the roots of P. contorta and P. flexilis seedlings, although mycorrhizae formed by S. granulatus appeared to be present. Few mycorrhizae were observed on the root systems of 1- or 5-year-old P. engelmannii seedlings. Root system development of 1- and 5-year-old P. contorta and P. engelmannii seedlings was dramatically reduced by the sewage sludge and wood-chips fertilization treatment, but fertilization treatments had no apparent effects on root system development of 5-year-old P. flexilis.

scholarly journals Effects of Elevated Temperature on Root System Development of Two Lupine Species

Plants ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Virgilija Gavelienė ◽  
Sigita Jurkonienė ◽  
Elžbieta Jankovska-Bortkevič ◽  
Danguolė Švegždienė
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
System Development ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Apical Meristem ◽  
Lupinus Polyphyllus ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Primary Roots

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of elevated temperature on the growth, morphology and spatial orientation of lupine roots at the initial stages of development and on the formation of lupine root architecture at later stages. Two lupine species were studied—the invasive Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and the non-invasive L. luteus L. The plants were grown in climate chambers under 25 °C and simulated warming at 30 °C conditions. The angle of root curvature towards the vector of gravity was measured at the 48th hour of growth, and during a 4-h period after 90° reorientation. Root biometrical, histological measurements were carried out on 7-day-old and 30-day-old plants. The elevation of 5 °C affected root formation of the two lupine species differently. The initial roots of L. polyphyllus were characterized by worse spatial orientation, reduced growth and reduced mitotic index of root apical meristem at 30 °C compared with 25 °C. The length of primary roots of 30-day-old lupines and the number of lateral roots decreased by 14% and 16%, respectively. More intense root development and formation were observed in non-invasive L. luteus at 30 °C. Our results provide important information on the effect of elevated temperature on the formation of root architecture in two lupine species and suggest that global warming may impact the invasiveness of these species.

Impacts of size and competition on tree form and distribution of aboveground biomass in Scots pine

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annikki Mäkelä ◽  
Petteri Vanninen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Crown Structure ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Age Series

Studies on tree allometry have often focused on the average tree of a representative stand across an age gradient. Another dimension of change in tree form is the variation caused by differences in competitive status, evident between trees of one stand or between stands of comparable age but different stocking densities. This study compares the structural relationships of dominant Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees over a wide age range with those in young trees of similar age but different competitive status. Allometric relationships are developed between biomass components and diameter, and crown structure is analysed in terms of crown allometry, pipe model relationships, and foliage density. The differences in allometry seem to be largely due to the rise of the crown base, which is positively correlated with size in the age series and negatively correlated with size in the cross-sectional data. The allometric relationships of the crown are less variable, but differences are found in the crown size to foliage biomass ratios between the two data sets. In the age series, foliage biomass is proportional to crown surface area, while in the cross-sectional data, it is proportional to crown volume. It is concluded that the reaction to competition for light is twofold: (1) to allocate new foliage higher up and, consequently, to lift the crown base, and (2) to grow sparser crowns.

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