Test of the first-in, first-in pollination hypothesis in coastal Douglas-fir

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Webber ◽  
F. C. H. Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Pollen Parent ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Percent Contribution ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Fertility Potential ◽  
Reciprocal Arrangement ◽  
Seed Yields

The hypothesis that pollen arriving first to receptive seed-cone buds has an advantage over pollen arriving later (first-on, first-in) was tested in Douglas-fir using two reciprocal pollination experiments. In the first test, one each of two outcross-pollen parents was applied first followed by the other 5 min or 24 h later. In the second test, self- and outcross-pollen parents were compared in a similar reciprocal arrangement 5 min, 6 h, and 24 h apart. Electrophoretic analysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase alleles was used to distinguish between the two pollen parents in resultant seeds. When a second pollen parent arrived within 5 min of the first, both contributed to the seed produced. However, when the second pollen parent arrived 6 or 24 h later, its contribution to the resultant seed was less. Pollen fertility potential interacted with arrival time and affected both seed yields and parental composition. When pollen of lower fertility was applied first followed by a higher fertility pollen, seed yields were lower; as the time interval for the arrival of the second pollen parent increased to 24 h, the percent contribution of the first pollen increased. However, when the higher fertility pollen was applied first, there was little effect of the lower fertility pollen arriving within 5 min or 24 h.

Cost of reproduction in Douglas-fir

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1429-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousry A. El-Kassaby ◽  
Hugh J. Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Energy Allocation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Annual Ring Width ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone

The balance between allocating energy resources to reproduction or growth has considerable theoretical interest. Conflicting ecological requirements and evolutionary pressures often necessitate a trade-off in energy allocation. We obtained measurements on seed-cone production and annual ring width of 365 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees from 29 open-pollinated families for 8 years. Phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations were computed for seed-cone production and ring width for each year. Five of the eight environmental correlations were negative (range −0.077 to −0.305), reflecting the reality of the trade-off in physiological terms. Six of the eight genetic correlations were negative (range −0.199 to −0.776), indicating that a trade-off exists at the genetic level between energy allocation to reproduction and to somatic growth. These findings agree with the current theory of life-history evolution. Key words: Pseudotsuga menziesii, cone production, annual ring width, genetic correlation.

Testing Graft Incompatibility Detection Procedures on Interior Douglas-Fir

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
David Foushee ◽  
Lauren Fins
Keyword(s):  
Contact Zone ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Graft Incompatibility

Abstract Grafts of 21 mature inland Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) were used to test the anatomical and electrophoretic methods of detecting graft incompatibility that were developed for the coastal variety of the species. Both methods were found to be effective. Incompatibility averaged 34% when evaluated by anatomical examination; and electrophoretic analysis of isozymes, 19 to 20 months after grafting, was 82% accurate in detecting incompatible grafts. Sixty percent of the incompatible grafts had externally visible bark fissures along the contact zone between scion and rootstock. One clone had greater than 90% compatibility. West. J. Appl. For. 6(2):39-42.

scholarly journals Fossil evidence reveals how plants responded to cooling during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ming Cui ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
David K. Ferguson ◽  
Jian Yang ◽  
Yu-Fei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Northern Limit ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Global Cooling ◽  
Early Paleocene ◽  
A New Species

Abstract Background Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, an obvious global cooling occurred, which resulted in dramatic changes in terrestrial ecosystems and the evolutionary trends of numerous organisms. However, how plant lineages responded to the cooling has remained unknown until now. Between ca. 70–60 Ma Mesocyparis McIver & Basinger (Cupressaceae), an extinct conifer genus, was distributed from eastern Asia to western North America and provides an excellent opportunity to solve this riddle. Results Here we report a new species, Mesocyparis sinica from the early Paleocene of Jiayin, Heilongjiang, northeastern China. By integrating lines of evidence from phylogeny and comparative morphology of Mesocyparis, we found that during ca.70–60 Ma, the size of seed cone of Mesocyparis more than doubled, probably driven by the cooling during the K-Pg transition, which might be an effective adaptation for seed dispersal by animals. More importantly, we discovered that the northern limit of this genus, as well as those of two other arboreal taxa Metasequoia Miki ex Hu et Cheng (gymnosperm) and Nordenskioldia Heer (angiosperm), migrated ca.4–5° southward in paleolatitude during this time interval. Conclusions Our results suggest that the cooling during the K-Pg transition may have been responsible for the increase in size of the seed cone of Mesocyparis and have driven the migration of plants southwards.

Promotion of cone and seed production in grafted and seedling Douglas-fir seed orchards by application of gibberellin A4/7 mixture

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 464-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Ross ◽  
Richard P. Pharis ◽  
J. C. Heaman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Adjunct Treatment ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Marked Enhancement ◽  
Napthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Effective Adjunct ◽  
Filled Seeds

Both 4-year-old grafts and 6-year-old seedlings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) were induced to flower, and the production of seed cones and filled seeds was significantly enhanced by branch applications of gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) mixture.For 6-year-old seedlings, when pooled over all levels of the auxin, napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), seed cone bud differentiation, and number of filled seeds per treatment branch tended to be enhanced by GA3, GA5, and GA9, relative to controls. A more marked enhancement (although still not significant) in number of filled seeds per treatment branch was noted for GA3, GA5, and GA9 when applied in combination with GA4/7, relative to GA4/7 alone. The combination of GA9 + GA4/7 significantly increased the number of seed cone buds differentiated, relative to GA4/7 alone. Low levels of NAA, pooled over all GA treatments, significantly increased the number of seed cones per branch at maturity, and tended to increase both the number of seed cone buds differentiated and filled seeds per branch.Girdling, an effective adjunct treatment for promoting flowering, reduced filled seeds per cone for grafts, but had no effect on seedlings. Neither cone abortion nor seed set was affected by the hormone treatments, although there was a tendency in the seedlings for NAA to reduce cone abortion and increase filled seeds per cone. Seed from GA-induced cones germinated equally as well as that from controls. For grafts, GA treatments resulted in a 500% increase in per-branch yield of filled seeds; for seedlings, increases of 250 to 600% were noted.

The pollination mechanism and the optimal time of pollination in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii)

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Sheila J. Simpson ◽  
Marje Molder
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Pollination Mechanism ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Poor Seed ◽  
Micropylar Canal ◽  
Scanning Electron

The development of the pollination mechanism and the engulfment of pollen by the stigmatic tip is described for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) based on scanning electron microscopy. This information is used to determine and explain the optimal time of pollination and amount of pollen needed for maximum seed set. After dormancy the integument tip of the ovule developed into an unequally two-lobed stigmatic tip covered with long unicellular hairs. Most ovules had fully developed stigmatic tips when the seed cone emerged from the bud scales in early April. The conelets remained open and the stigmatic tip was most receptive for at least 4 days. Pollen freely sifted down between the bracts and ovuliferous scales and adhered to the stigmatic hairs. Six days after the conelets became receptive, stigmatic hairs around the micropyle began to collapse and were ungulfed with the entangled pollen into the micropyle. Also, ovuliferous scales began to thicken, restricting movement of pollen to the stigmatic tips. By 8–10 days after conelets became receptive, the stigmatic tips were completely engulfed, the ovuliferous scales had thickened enough to close the conelet, and the conelet had begun to bend down.Maximum seed set occurred when (1) cones were pollinated within 4 days after seed-cone buds had emerged half of the way out of their bud scales; (2) a minimum of 0.2 g of pollen was used per pollination bag; (3) a minimum of 11 pollen grains adhered to each stigmatic tip; and (4) at least 3 pollen grains were taken into each micropylar canal. The engulfing process occurred at the same rate and in the same manner regardless of whether living or heat-killed pollen was present or absent on the stigmatic surface. Poor seed set as it related to the pollination mechanism is discussed.

Hormonal enhancement of cone production in Douglas-fir grafts and seedlings

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S. Puritch ◽  
Eleanor E. McMullan ◽  
Michael D. Meagher ◽  
Clarence S. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Pollen Cone ◽  
Production Response

Gibberellic acid (GA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were applied alone and in combination to both girdled and nongirdled branches of Douglas-fir in four seed orchards (two containing seedlings and two containing grafts). GA significantly increased seed-cone buds and cones and caused a nonsignificant increase in pollen-cone buds. Cone production was not significantly affected by girdling or the application of NAA. Trees treated with the combination of GA + NAA responded similarly to those treated with GA alone. Cone production response to GA varied according to the orchard locations, with better response in the normally more productive orchards. The percentage of trees flowering was increased by GA. Hormone treatments had no effect on seeds per cone but they significantly reduced filled seed per cone. Owing to increased cone number, however, the GA treatments greatly increased the yield of viable seed. NAA increased the percentage of seed germinating and the rate of seed germination, while GA had no effect.

scholarly journals Ovule Culture to Obtain Progeny from Hybrid Seedless Bunch Grapes

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Gray ◽  
J.A. Mortensen ◽  
CM. Benton ◽  
R.E. Durham ◽  
G.A. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Ovule Culture ◽  
Pollen Parent ◽  
Berry Development ◽  
Glucosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Embryo Germination ◽  
Controlled Pollination ◽  
Plant Recovery ◽  
Sampling Times

Ovules of seedless bunch grapes (Vitis spp.) fertilized by controlled pollination increased in size during berry development. More ovules cultured 10 days or 60 to 70 days after pollination became brown compared to those cultured at 20 to 40 days. Cultured ovules developed with and without endosperm. Globular to torpedo stage embryos were recovered. More embryos and plants were recovered from ovules cultured at 40 or 60 days than at 10 or 20 days after pollination. Pollen parent significantly affected both embryo and plant recovery at certain sampling times. BA incorporated into medium significantly increased embryo germination percentage. Electrophoretic analysis of glucosephosphate isomerase in progeny showed that 67% to 88% were hybrids of controlled crosses. Of four vines that fruited thus far, two were seedless. Seedless progeny had smaller seed traces than either parent. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl) -1H-purin-6-amine (BA).

FERTILITY INDICES IN CROSS-POLLINATED GRASSES

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Knowles ◽  
H. Baenziger
Keyword(s):  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Good Uniformity ◽  
Seed Yields

Floret fertility indices of 0.62, 0.65, 0.46, and 0.57, respectively, were shown by northern commercial bromegrass, diploid Fairway crested wheatgrass, tetraploid Summit crested wheatgrass, and Ree intermediate wheatgrass. Southern strains of bromegrass were lower in fertility than northern bromegrass and this was reflected in lower seed yields. The Summit variety of crested wheatgrass was lower in fertility than the Nordan variety. Years and replications influenced the fertility indices of grasses but less so than strains. Good uniformity in fertility was observed for central sections of spikes in the wheatgrasses. Upper florets within spikelets were less fertile than lower florets in all grasses. Somewhat lower fertility indices were found for border plants in space-planted nurseries than in the centers of nurseries.

SOME INTERACTIONS OF TWO BACULOVIRUSES OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Tussock Moth ◽  
Orgyia Pseudotsugata ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Infective Dose ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis

AbstractTwo nuclear polyhedrosis viruses were fed to larvae of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata. Mixtures of the two viruses in varying proportions and separate doses of the two with a varying time interval between were administered. Larvae dying of polyhedrosis were examined to determine the proportions of the two viruses found in the bodies of the insects. The multicapsid virus (BV) showed a tendency to predominate over the unicapsid virus (SV), particularly in massive doses. In small doses, SV appeared in mixed infections even when the proportion of SV in the infective dose was small. When BV was administered 24 h in advance of SV, the development of SV was inhibited completely. At shorter intervals of time between doses, mixed infections occurred.

First- and Second-season Effect on Douglas-fir Cone Initiation from a Single Shade Period

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy R. Silen
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Pollen Cone

Shade (12–23% sunlight) applied for monthly periods between February and September to individual branches in upper whorls of 40-year-old Pseudotsugamenziesii caused increased pollen-cone (♂) and decreased seed-cone (♀) buds counted in autumn of the year of treatment. A consistent decreased count in both bud types the following year indicated treatment effects were carried over, raising the question as to when inducive events actually take place in Douglas-fir.

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