Genetic and environmental variance in cone size, seed yield, and germination properties of black spruce clones

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1149-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. U. Stoehr ◽  
R. E. Farmer Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Northern Ontario

Genetic and environmental variances in cone size, seed yield, and germination properties were evaluated for Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P. using material from ramets of 19 clones in a northern Ontario seed orchard. Thirty-seven percent of the variance in cone volume (mean, 2.2 cm3) was accounted for by differences among clones (range, 1.3–3.5 cm3) and 19% was accounted for by ramets within clones. Clone means for number of seed per cone ranged from 49 to 100 and averaged 71; 18% of seed was filled. Clonal variances for number of seed per cone and percent filled seed were 31 and 23% of the total variance, while ramets accounted for 18 and 13%, respectively. Germination of filled seed averaged 68% and clone means ranged from 28 to 90%. Sixty-seven percent of the variation in germination percent was due to clonal differences and 18% was associated with ramets.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Variance in Seed and Cone Characteristics of Black Spruce in a Northwestern Ontario Seed Orchard

1983 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faye J. Verheggen ◽  
Robert E. Farmer Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Seed Yield Components ◽  
Percent Number

Germination and some seed yield components were evaluated using 1981 cones from ramets of nine clones in a Northwestern Ontario seed orchard. No evidence of dormancy was observed in seed which received no chilling and were germinated under light. Hierarchical analyses of variance indicated that both clones and ramets within clones accounted for substantial amounts of variation in germination percent, filled seed percent, number of seed per cone and cone size. Cone size was only weakly correlated with number of seed per cone (r =.44).

scholarly journals Seed Production in Grafted Clonal Orchards at Longlac, Ontario

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. McPherson ◽  
E. K. Morgenstern ◽  
B. S. P. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Cone Development ◽  
Number Of Seeds

One seed orchard each of black spruce (Picea mariana) [Mill.] B.S.P.) and white spruce (Picea glauca) [Moench] Voss) was established in northern Ontario gradually during the 1958-78 period. Each species was represented by approximately 45 clones and 450 ramets. During the whole period, records were kept of cone production by individual ramets and of seed production by clones expressed as average number of seeds per cone extracted and germinated. Substantial cone production began 8 years after grafting in black spruce and after 10 years in white spruce. The figures indicated that a clonal orchard of black spruce planted at 5 × 5 m spacing (400 ramets) produces approximately 1 million sound seeds per ha per year; the white spruce equivalent is 900 000. Conditions of cone development and cone storage and damage by insects and fungi can reduce germination of the sound seed harvested by about 20%.

Vegetative phenology in a clonal seed orchard of Piceaglauca and Piceamariana in northwestern Ontario

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor O'Reilly ◽  
William H. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Growth Cessation ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Qualitative Index ◽  
Vegetative Phenology

The vegetative phenology of Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss and P. mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. was determined in 1979 based on four ramets selected from each of 14 clones of each species located at a seed orchard in northern Ontario. The time of flushing of the leaders and four lateral branches was determined by a qualitative index of bud and shoot development; time of growth cessation was scored as the date at which 95% of shoot growth was complete. The flushing of the vegetative buds of white spruce lasted for a 10-day period compared with only 6 days for black spruce. Although the average date of flushing for white spruce clones was 9 days ahead of the average date for black spruce clones, the latest white spruce clone flushed only 3 days before the earliest black spruce clones. As well, degree-day requirements for flushing were significantly different for clones within each of the two species. These results suggest that the selection of late-flushing white spruce trees for seed orchard stock has the potential to decrease spring frost damage in this species in northern Ontario. Date of budbreak was not correlated with date of growth cessation for either white or black spruce; however, early-flushing clones of black spruce produced significantly greater leader extension than late-flushing clones.

Gibberellin A4/7 enhances seed-cone production in field-grown black spruce

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong H. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Vegetative Bud ◽  
Needle Primordia

Black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) grafts growing in a seed orchard were sprayed with gibberellin A4/7, and grafts and trees in families growing in arboreta were sprayed with gibberellin A4/7 and (or) vitamin E from vegetative bud burst to the end of shoot elongation. Gibberellin A4/7 was very effective in promoting seed cones and 400 mg/L appeared optimal. Vitamin E at 1000 mg/L was not effective. Vegetative bud burst occurred in mid-May and shoot elongation ended in late June. Needle primordia were visible on the apices of newly formed buds at the end of June. Reproductive buds had fewer bud scales than vegetative buds. It appeared that potential reproductive buds terminated their bud scale initiation earlier. Gibberellin A4/7 application to promote seed-cone production should be carried out before bud-type differentiation. This coincides with the end of lateral shoot elongation.

Hand and Machine Tree Planting in Northern Ontario

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 477-478
Author(s):  
W. C. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Rock Outcrops ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Precambrian Shield ◽  
Limited Scale ◽  
Commercial Forest

Northern Ontario lies entirely in the Precambrian Shield with its many rock outcrops, sand plains, valleys and extensive lowlands.Tree planting started on a limited scale in Northern Ontario in the 1920's but it was not until the mid-fifties that the program really expanded into millions of trees.White spruce, black spruce, jack pine, red pine and white pine are the most important species planted for commercial forest products.The advent of new site preparation techniques has made possible the planting of areas that were previously by-passed.Due to the rugged conditions in Northern Ontario, tree planting by machine is still not too prevalent.For the purpose of this paper, Northern Ontario is that portion of the province lying north of the historic fur-trading route of the French and Mattawa Rivers and the Great Lakes. The area is made up entirely of Precambrian shield with many outcrops of rock, sand plains of jack pine, valleys and extensive lowlands of spruce.

Alternate Strip Clearcutting in Upland Black Spruce: VIII. Shallow-soil Ecosystems and Their Classification

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Sims ◽  
William D. Towill
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Fragile Sites ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Shallow Soil ◽  
Soil Ecosystems ◽  
Shallow Soils

Shallow-soil sites in the Nipigon-Beardmore area of northern Ontario are widespread and pose unique operational problems for forest managers. Several working definitions of shallow soils are used in Ontario. More accurate regional definitions are required in order that silvicultural decisions for these sometimes fragile sites may be refined or new ones developed. Harvesting and silvicultural options for shallow-soil sites are limited in the North Central Region.A program of Forest Ecosystem Classification (FEC) for the North Central Region has been designed to provide better understanding of shallow sites and a framework of standardized definitions. The FEC describes several shallow-soil types that occur over boulder pavement or bedrock, and differentiates mainly on the basis of depth-to-rock contact, surface organic material thickness and texture of the primary mineral soil particles. Operational application of this classification may require identification of complexes of shallow-soil types.

Effect of genotype and environment on pod wall proportion in white lupin: consequences to seed yield

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Lagunes-Espinoza ◽  
C. Huyghe ◽  
J. Papineau ◽  
D. Pacault
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Environment Effect ◽  
Pod Wall

One means of increasing seed yield in white lupin may be the modification of the harvest index in the reproductive compartment by a reduction of the proportion of pod walls. Genetic and environmental effects on the pod wall proportion and yield components were evaluated. Thirty-five genotypes of spring-sown material were sown in 6 different locations across France in 1996 and 1997, accounting for a total of 10 site × year combinations. The existence of a genetic variation for the pod wall proportion among studied genotypes was demonstrated (0.26–0.34). Highly significant genotypic differences for the pod wall proportion, seed number per pod, seed weight per pod, mean seed weight, flowering time, and seed yield were observed among lupin genotypes. The heritability of pod wall proportion was moderate, the phenotypic correlation between this character and seed yield was significant and negative, and the genetic correlation was high and negative. The environmental variance contributed a major part of the total variation. The genotype × environment effect for the pod wall proportion was small, which suggests that the selection of genotypes with low and stable pod wall proportion in different environments will be possible. The strong negative genetic correlation between pod wall proportion and seed yield supports the feasibility of using the character as a selection criterion for a higher seed yield.

Preliminary Site Index Equations for Three Planted Species in Northern Ontario

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Payandeh ◽  
Yonghe Wang
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Analysis ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Natural Stand ◽  
Graphical Comparison ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Abstract Stem analysis data from plantations of black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine from northern Ontario were fitted to base-age specific and base-age invariant site index models. The resulting equations and their respective parameters were compared via nonlinear analysis of covariance. The base-age specific models produced a somewhat better fit to the data than their base-age invariant counterparts, although the latter are considered theoretically more elegant. Graphical comparison of plantation and natural stand site index curves for the three species showed both similarities and differences. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):57-63.

Individual-tree basal area growth models for jack pine and black spruce in northern Ontario

2004 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianjun Zhang ◽  
Changhui Peng ◽  
Qinglai Dang
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Area Growth

Individual-tree models of five-year basal area growth were developed for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) in northern Ontario. Tree growth data were collected from long-term permanent plots of pure and mixed stands of the two species. The models were fitted using mixed model methods due to correlated remeasurements of tree growth over time. Since the data covered a wide range of stand ages, stand conditions and tree sizes, serious heterogeneous variances existed in the data. Therefore, the coefficients of the final models were obtained using weighted regression techniques. The models for the two species were evaluated across 4-cm diameter classes using independent data. The results indicated (1) the models of jack pine and black spruce produced similar prediction errors and biases for intermediate-sized trees (12–28 cm in tree diameter), (2) both models yielded relatively large errors and biases for larger trees (> 28 cm) than those for smaller trees, and (3) the jack pine model produced much larger errors and biases for small-sized trees (< 12 cm) than did the black spruce model. Key words: mixed models, repeated measures, model validation

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