Embryolike structures from cotyledons and ripe embryos of Norway spruce (Piceaabies)

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 664-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Krogstrup
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Skoog Medium ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Murashige And Skoog Medium ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Embryos from imbibed ripe seeds and cotyledon expiants of 7-day-old Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) seedlings produced the early stages of somatic embryogenesis. Using a modified Murashige and Skoog medium, a whitish, glossy callus was induced consisting of translucent cells embedded in a mucilaginous cloudy matrix. This embryogenic callus formed on the surface of explants treated first with N-6-benzyladenine followed by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid + 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) + N-6-benzyladenine. Transfer of this callus to media lacking growth regulators resulted in the formation of numerous bipolar embryoids with suspensorlike structures. These embryoids strongly resembled repressed embryos in polyembryonic seeds.

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis in Carnation

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Les Frey ◽  
Yehoshua Saranga ◽  
Jules Janick
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Ex Vitro ◽  
Murashige And Skoog Medium ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Somatic embryogenesis was induced from internodal callus of `Scania', `Improved White Sim', and `Sandra' carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). The optimum protocol for the induction of somatic embryogenesis included initiation of callus in liquid basal Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 3.0 μm 2,4-D followed by transfer to liquid basal medium lacking 2,4-D for embryo development. Somatic embryos originated from single cells and early embryonic development proceeded conventionally (i.e., via globular, heart-shaped, and torpedo stages), but clearly developed apical or root meristems were not always formed. A few embryos developed into seedlings and were acclimatized to ex vitro conditions. Chemical name used: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).

scholarly journals High Frequency of Somatic Embryogenesis and Recover of Fertile Cucumber Plants

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 792-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula P. Chee
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Bipolar Structure ◽  
Hypocotyl Explants ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

A simple procedure for regeneration of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Poinsett 76) from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants has been developed. Somatic embryogenesis was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and vitamins medium supplemented with 2,4-D at 2.0 mg·liter-1 and kinetin at 0.5 mg·liter-1. Development of embryos was accomplished on MS medium with NAA at 1.0 mg·liter-1 and kinetin at 0.5 mg·liter-1. Eighty-five percent of the mature somatic embryos formed showed a typical bipolar structure. All developed into morphologically normal plantlets when transferred to MS medium containing no growth regulators. Chemical name used: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).

scholarly journals Induction Somatic Embryogenesis Used 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) and Kinetin in Spindle Leaf Explant Sugarcane

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Wardatus Sholeha ◽  
Bambang Sugiharto ◽  
Dwi Setyati ◽  
Parawita Dewanti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Callus Induction ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Callus Proliferation ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Respective Concentration

Induction of somatic embryogenesis in sugarcane requires the composition Plant Growth Hormone (PGH) appropriate. Utilizing of PGH (2,4-D and kinetin) is expected to induce sugarcane somatic embryogenesis. The purpose of this study was to obtain the concentration of 2,4-D and kinetin that effective for the multiplication of sugarcane var. NXI 1-3 through somatic embryogenesis. This study consists of four stages: callus induction, callus proliferation, regeneration of shoots and encapsulation. The plant material used is a spindle leaf sugarcane var. NXI 1-3. Callus induction used 2,4-D with different concentration (2 ppm, 3 ppm and 4 ppm). Callus proliferation used 2,4-D with concentration 1 ppm and 2 ppm. Regeneration of shoots used kinetin 0,5 ppm. The results are showed that the optimal induction of embryogenic callus on medium MS + sucrose 30 g / L + CH 300 ppm + 300 ppm PVP + 2,4-D 4 ppm as indicated by the high percentage of explants forming embryogenic callus that is equal to 40% and the respective concentration 2 ppm and 3 ppm is 33,3% and 37,5%. In proliferation stage, the development callus optimal on medium MS + sucrose 30 g / L + CH 300pm + PVP 300 ppm + 2,4-D 2 ppm and formulations for regeneration shoot on medium MS + sucrose 30 g / L + kinetin 0.5 ppm. The result of encapsulation can be shaped 100 sythetic seed. Keywords: Somatic embryogenesis, spindle leaf, kinetin, 2,4-D

scholarly journals Coconut Micropropagation in Mexico using Plumule and Floral Explants

CORD ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Carlos Oropeza
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Media Formulation ◽  
The Media ◽  
The One ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

This paper focuses on the research efforts carried out by CICY in Mexico on micropropagation of coconut. They started during the nineties in collaboration with Wye College (UK) and ORSTOM-CIRAD (France), with the development of a protocol that was reproducible and more efficient than previous ones, based on plumule explants grown in different media based on Y3 medium added with activated charcoal, gelling agent and of particular importance growth regulators 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Within the next decade basic research was carried out to study the process of somatic embryogenesis from plumule explants, with an approach including morpho-histological, physiological, biochemical and molecular points of view, in order to gain knowledge that could be useful to further improvement of the process. Also different practical approaches were tested including changes in the media formulation, embryogenic callus multiplication and secondary somatic embryogenesis. As a result a highly efficient protocol was developed that could potentially yield over a hundred thousand somatic embryos from a single plumule explant. Embryos were able to germinate and convert to plantlets, that after planting, successfully grew to sexual maturity and fruit production. This protocol is currently being scaled up to a semi-commercial level. Also within the past five years, a protocol using rachilla explants has been developed for the production of embryogenic callus and its multiplication, and embryos produced were able to germinate and convert to plantlets, setting the basis to develop a process for massive  propagation of coconut, such as the one already developed using plumule explants.

scholarly journals Regeneration of plants from leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram. cv. Bronze Bornholm in in vitro cultures

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelia Ślusarkiewicz-Jarzina ◽  
Maciej Zenkteler ◽  
Barbara Podlewska
Keyword(s):  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
In Vitro Cultures ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Skoog Medium ◽  
Suitable Medium ◽  
Murashige And Skoog Medium ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Plants were obtained from cultured in vitro leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram. cv. Bronze Bornholm. The leaves were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with cytokinins (kinetin - KIN, zeatin - ZEA, 6-benzyloaminopurine - BAP) and auxins (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - 2,4-D, α-naphtaleneacetic acid - NAA, 3-indolilacetic acid - IAA, p-fluorophenylalanine - PFA) in various combinations and concentra-tions. The most suitable medium was that one which contained 4 mg/l KIN, 2 mg/l NAA and 50 mg/l PFA.

scholarly journals Formation of Somatic Embryos from Protoplasts of Coffea arabica L.

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Tahara ◽  
Takeshi Yasuda ◽  
Naotsugu Uchida ◽  
Tadashi Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Skoog Medium ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Murashige And Skoog Medium ◽  
Coffea Arabica L

Somatic embryos were regenerated from protoplasts isolated from embryogenic callus on young leaf explants from mature coffee trees. Embryos were regenerated on modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 5 μm BA. Somatic embryos developed into intact plants. Mannitol at 0.5 m was adequate as an osmoticum for isolating protoplasts, but subsequent culture required 0.3 m mannitol. A culture system in which osmolality was decreased gradually accelerated formation of colonies and somatic embryogenesis. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine (BA).

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Muscadine Grape Leaf Explants

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Robacker
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Vitis Rotundifolia ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
Immature Leaf ◽  
Grape Leaf ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Immature leaf laminae and petioles of `Regale' and `Fry' muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) were cultured on Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) medium supplemented with 9.0 μm 2,4-D and 4.4 μm BA, and gelled with agar. Callus and original explant tissues were transferred to NN medium containing 10.7 μm NAA and 0.9 μm BA to proliferate embryogenic callus, which, when transferred to NN medium without growth regulators, yielded globular embryos. The embryos matured and germinated after being subcultured to fresh medium without growth regulators. Somatic embryogenesis incidence was greater from petioles than laminae: 90% of `Regale' and 50% of `Fry' petioles formed embryos, compared with 14% and 2% of laminae, respectively. Culturing germinated somatic embryos on NN medium with 1 μm BA enhanced shoot growth. Regenerated plants flowered and appeared morphologically normal. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)- 1H -purin-6-amine (BA); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); α- naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).

scholarly journals Uptake and metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid during induction of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) somatic embryogenesis

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 169-174
Author(s):  
Helena Vlašínová ◽  
Ladislav Havel ◽  
Marek Klemš ◽  
Stanislav Procházka
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Embryogenic Cultures ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Uptake And Metabolism

Uptake and metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) into zygotic embryos of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were studied on medium used for induction of somatic embryogenesis. The main task of this work was to study effect of longitudinal bisection of embryos, which was found as increasing the subsequent induction of embryogenic cultures. The maximal uptake of 2,4-D per one embryo was detected after 16 hours on medium in bisected embryos. The bisection increased 2,4-D uptake per embryo in first 16th hours, but then increased its release back to the medium. The metabolism of 2,4-D in bisected embryos was lower than in intact ones during first two days of culture.

Plantlet production from anthers of Eastern cottonwood (Populusdeltoïdes)

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 937-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rafique Uddin ◽  
Martin M. Meyer Jr. ◽  
J. J. Jokela
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Eastern Cottonwood ◽  
Skoog Medium ◽  
Plantlet Production ◽  
Murashige And Skoog Medium ◽  
Woody Plant Medium ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Plantlets were obtained by organogenesis from cultured anthers of Populusdeltoides (Bartr.). Anthers formed callus in the dark on modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 9.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 4.7 μM kinetin. Anther calli were differentiated into shoots by sequential transfer in the light onto Murashige and Skoog medium containing 4.4 μM benzylamino purine and 1.1 μM naphthaleneacetic acid for 4 weeks, followed by several transfers to woody plant medium with 2.2 μM benzylamino purine and 1.1 μM naphthaleneacetic acid. The shoots that formed were rooted by excising and transferring to woody plant medium supplemented with 1.0 μM indole-3-butyric acid. A few of these plants were found to be haploid. Two plants developed male terminal inflorescences, but died shortly thereafter.

scholarly journals Comparing the Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Callus and Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Four Elite Theobroma cacao L. Genotypes

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Modeste Kan Kouassi ◽  
Jane Kahia ◽  
Christophe N’guessan Kouame ◽  
Mathias Gnion Tahi ◽  
Edmond Kouablan Koffi
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

The effect of plant growth regulators on callus and somatic embryogenesis induction in four Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) genotypes was studied. Flower explants were harvested early in the morning and cultured on Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) medium supplemented with 1 mg·L−1 of five auxins type (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 3,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (3,4-D), 2,4,5 trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) in combination with 0.25 or 0.5 mg·L−1 of two cytokinins type (benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 6-furfurylaminopurine [kinetin (Kin)] in a factorial experiment. The plant growth regulators 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T proved to have a broad spectrum action on somatic embryogenesis induction compared with 3,4-D or picloram. There were no significant differences between the two concentrations of cytokinins. However, Kin was found to be more effective in promoting somatic embryogenesis than BAP. Combining 1 mg·L−1 2,4,5-T or 2,4-D with 0.25 mg·L−1 Kin had a broad spectrum action on embryogenesis induction. On the other hand, combining mg·L−1 picloram with 0.5 mg·L−1 Kin or 1 mg·L−1 3,4-D with 0.25 mg·L−1 Kin was only able to induce somatic embryogenesis in a few of the genotypes evaluated. The protocol developed during the current study differs from earleir works as the callus (derived from explants cultured on DKW media) was taken directly to embryo development media as opposed to earlier works in which the callus was taken through a secondary media before being transferred to an embryo development media.

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