Delayed emergence of four conifer species on postfire seedbeds in eastern Canada

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Thomas ◽  
Ross W. Wein
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Delayed Emergence ◽  
Dense Stand ◽  
Viable Seeds

This study compares the emergence of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), eastern white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.). Mill.) for three seasons after sowing on two postfire seedbeds to test the hypothesis that conifer species differ in their ability to store viable seeds in the soil. Less than 20% of all viable seeds produced emergent seedlings in the first growing season. Emergence continued in the second growing season but not in the third. No viable seeds of any species were found at the end of the experiment. During the second growing season (July 1), the emergence of jack pine was greatest at the warmer and drier site but at the cooler and moister site, large numbers of black spruce emerged; by the end of the second season jack pine seedlings predominated at both sites. Although this delayed emergence accounted for <3% of the viable jack pine seeds sown, this percentage would be sufficient to produce a dense stand given normal postfire seedfall rates. It is suggested that delayed emergence from the soil along with partial seed retention in tree crowns are strategies of jack pine and black spruce which increase the probability of establishment even if the immediate postfire conditions are particularly inhospitable.

scholarly journals Deep Planting Has No Short- or Long-Term Effect on the Survival and Growth of White Spruce, Black Spruce, and Jack Pine

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Paquette ◽  
Jean-Pierre Girard ◽  
Denis Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference

Abstract Although studies in the past have reported that the deeper planting of conifers has no effect on seedling performance, most planting guidelines in use today still recommend that seedlings be planted to the rootcollar. Past studies were mostly observational, used bareroot seedlings, and often reported early results from just one or two depths of planting treatments. Most of the results available regarding planting depth for boreal species are anecdotal, although they are planted by the hundreds of millions every year. The present study reports no short-term (1 year) or long-term (15 to 19 years) negative effect of planting depth on the survival and height and diameter growth of black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine seedlings over three large, replicated experiments in the boreal forest of eastern and northern Quebec (eastern Canada). Four different depth treatments were compared, from manual planting at the rootcollar to the deepest mechanical planting treatment at 10 cm or more, making this the largest, longest-lasting study of its kind. Although, as expected, important differences in growth were present between species, all three commonly planted conifers reacted similarly to the planting depth treatments (no effect). This result can in part be attributed to an almost perfect control of frost heaving in the deepest two treatments. Planting depth effects were assessed using analysis of variance, multiple Tukey honestly significant difference, and uncorrected pairwise one-tailed t-tests to increase the probability of detecting a negative effect. Absolute differences and effect sizes (generally small and often positive with greater depths) were also analyzed.

Container Volume Affects Survival and Growth of White Spruce, Black Spruce, and Jack Pine Seedlings: A Literature Review

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Craig Sutherland ◽  
Robert J. Day
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Production Phase ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Survival And Growth

Abstract This paper is the first general review of the affects of container volume on the survival and growth of containerized white spruce, black spruce, and jack pine seedlings. The review shows that the literature on this topic is fragmentary and inconsistent. Seedling growth in the greenhouse production phase has been more completely quantified than subsequent establishment and growth after out-planting in the field. In the greenhouse production phase, seedling growth increased from 72 to 360% when the container volume was tripled in size. After outplanting in the field, seedling growth trends were more variable. Seedling height growth increased from 34 to 84% when container volume was tripled in size. Seedling survival was more difficult to assess because of limited data. Only white spruce showed a 10% increase in survival with an increase in container volume. The indications from this literature review suggest that nursery managers and practicing foresters should become more aware of the limitations imposed on seedling survival and growth due to container volume. To maintain optional survival and growth for white spruce, black spruce and jack pine, the container volume should range from 90 to 120 cm3. North. J. Appl. For. 5:185-189, Sept. 1988.

Estimating branch production in trembling aspen, Douglas-fir, jack pine, black spruce, and balsam fir

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1024-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.Y. Bernier ◽  
M.B. Lavigne ◽  
E.H. Hogg ◽  
J.A. Trofymow
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Branch Wood

Measuring net primary productivity of trees requires the measurement of total wood production of branches. Recent work on balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ) has shown that branch-wood production can be estimated as a function of foliage production. We extend the analysis to four other species found in the Canadian forest: black spruce ( Picea mariana ), jack pine ( Pinus banksiana ), Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ), and trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ). Results show that the ratio of annual branch-wood production to annual foliage production is about 1.0 for conifer species (between 0.86 and 1.12) and 0.56 for aspen during a nondrought year. An analysis using field measurements of litterfall and stem-diameter increment from selected forested sites shows that branch-wood production accounts for a smaller proportion of aboveground net primary productivity in trembling aspen (15%–20%) than in conifer species (25%). Also, litterfall capture of small branches (<1 cm diameter) accounts for only 33% of branch detritus production in conifers and 50% in trembling aspen. This study supports the use of an alternative method for estimating branch-wood production that reduces the potential bias in field estimates of net primary productivity.

Critical period of interspecific competition for four northern conifers: 10-year growth response and associated vegetation dynamics

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2474-2485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G Wagner ◽  
Andrew P Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Vegetation Control

The influence of the timing and duration of interspecific competition on planted jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) was assessed using 10-year growth responses in a northern Ontario experiment. Stand volume was 117%, 208%, 224%, and 343% higher for jack pine, red pine, white pine, and black spruce, respectively, with 5 years of vegetation control than with no vegetation control. Stand volume increased linearly with number of years of vegetation control, and the slope of the relationship varied among conifer species. Change-point regression analysis was used to derive segmented weed-free and weed-infested curves, and to simultaneously estimate key critical-period parameters. Weed-free and weed-infested curves in the 10th year were similar to those derived in year 5, indicating that the patterns established during the first few years after planting were relatively robust for the first decade. The critical-period was 2 and 3 years after planting for jack pine and red pine, respectively, and occupied most of the 5-year period for white pine and black spruce. Principal components analysis of the vegetation community indicated that repeated herbicide applications caused differential shifts in the relative abundance of shrub, fern, and moss species through the 10th year. Species richness, however, was not substantially different between the untreated control and the most intensive treatments. Difference modeling was used to quantify how annual volume increment during the first decade varied with time, conifer species, cover of woody and herbaceous vegetation, and stage of development.

Black spruce decline triggered by spruce budworm at the southern limit of lichen woodland in eastern Canada

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2160-2172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Simard ◽  
Serge Payette
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
Epiphytic Lichen ◽  
Spruce Decline

Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) is the dominant tree species of the southernmost (48°N) lichen woodlands in eastern Canada. Most spruce trees in mature lichen woodlands appear to be declining, as shown by the massive invasion of the epiphytic lichen Bryoria on dead branches of dying trees. A dendroecological study was undertaken to identify the main causal factors of the decline. A decline index based on the abundance of Bryoria on spruce trees was used to distinguish healthy from damaged lichen–spruce woodlands and to select sampling sites for tree-ring measurements. Three conifer species (black spruce, balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)) were sampled to compare their growth patterns in time and space. In the late 1970s and mid-1980s, black spruce and balsam fir experienced sharp and synchronous radial-growth reductions, a high frequency of incomplete and missing rings, and mass mortality likely caused by spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) defoliation. Jack pine, a non-host species, showed no such trend. Because black spruce layers were spared, lichen woodlands will eventually regenerate unless fire occurs in the following years. Black spruce decline can thus be considered as a normal stage in the natural dynamics of the southern lichen woodlands.

scholarly journals Height growth of black spruce and jack pine seedlings in flooded flats

1975 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-54
Author(s):  
W. Stanek
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Water Height

Black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were grown in a green-house on peat-filled flats flooded with nutrient solution or distilled water. None was aerated. However, an O2 concentration gradient existed across the flats, 3.0 – 3.7 ppm along the edges, and 1.4 – 1.9 ppm in the centers. After 4½ months seedlings of both species grew taller with nutrient solution than with distilled water. In flats supplied with nutrient solution, seedlings of both species grew taller along the edges than in the centers, whereas in flats supplied with distilled water height differential did not develop. Jack pine grew taller than black spruce under similar conditions.

Growth and Morphology of Black Spruce, Jack Pine, and White Spruce Container Seedlings in Northern Ontario

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Anneli Jalkanen
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
In The Beginning

Abstract The development of morphological attributes of containerized seedlings during the growing season was studied in eight crops from three nurseries in Northern Ontario, including four black spruce crops, three jack pine crops, and one white spruce crop. The variability was proportionally largest in root and shoot dry mass, followed by height and diameter. During seedling growth, proportionally the variability of size did not seem to increase. In absolute scale, however, differences between individual seedlings increased more than differences between seedling trays, possibly due to competition between individuals. Height and shoot growth were greater in the beginning of the growing season, and diameter and root growth were greater toward the end. In comparison to standards, the balance between morphological attributes (height/diameter, shoot/root) was usually acceptable, and usually independent of seedling size. The easiest way of monitoring crop development is to take seedling samples at regular intervals and to construct a growth progression curve for seedling height, if diameter growth reaches acceptable level. Care should be taken that the height of seedlings does not increase too much at the expense of diameter and root development in the larger crops. To monitor this, height-diameter ratios and shoot-root ratios might be measured a couple of times during the growing season to take corrective action if necessary. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):69-74.

Field Performance of Five Species in Four Different Containers in Maine

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-185
Author(s):  
David I. Maass ◽  
Andrea N. Colgan ◽  
N. Lynn Cochran ◽  
Carl L. Haag ◽  
James A. Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

Abstract Long-term performance of container-grown seedlings in Maine was unknown in the late 1970s. A study was established to test the performance of five conifer species: Norway, white and black spruce, and red and jack pine, grown in four containers of similar volume: Can-Am Multipot #1, Multipot #2, Japanese Paperpot FH408, and Styroblock 4. Seven years after outplanting, stem heights of jack pine and red pine were significantly greater for trees started in Multipot #2 containers. Three spruce species with the greatest growth were started in Multipot #1 containers. Paperpot seedlings ranked second in height for pines, Norway spruce, and white spruce; Styroblock 4's ranked last for all species. North. J. Appl. For. 6:183-185, December 1989.

scholarly journals Regional Climate, Edaphic Conditions and Establishment Substrates Interact to Influence Initial Growth of Black Spruce and Jack Pine Planted in the Boreal Forest

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Henneb ◽  
Nelson Thiffault ◽  
Osvaldo Valeria
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Growth Variability ◽  
Pinus Spp ◽  
Precipitation And Temperature

In eastern Canada, spruces (Picea spp.) and pines (Pinus spp.) are among the main commercial species being logged for their lumber or wood fiber. Annually, about 175 million seedlings are planted in areas totaling ~100,000 ha. Appropriate microsite selection is essential during reforestation operations, given that it can improve the chances of survival and initial growth of the seedlings. In fir (Abies spp.) and spruce forests of eastern Canada, the optimal characteristics of establishment microsites have yet to be identified; these would be determined by different physical and climatic variables operating at several scales. Our study determined the influence of climatic (regional-scale), edaphic (stand-scale), local (microsite-scale) and planting conditions on the establishment substrate and initial growth of black spruce (Picea mariana Britton, Sterns and Poggenb.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Substrate characterization and growth monitoring (three growing seasons) for the two species were conducted on 29 planted cutblocks that were distributed over an east–west climatic gradient (precipitation and temperature) in the balsam fir and black spruce–feather moss forests of Quebec (Canada). Linear mixed models and multivariate analyses (PCAs) determined the effects of climatic, edaphic and micro-environmental variables and their interactions on the establishment substrate and seedling initial growth. The predictive models explained, respectively, 61% and 75% of the growth variability of black spruce and jack pine. Successful establishment of black spruce and jack pine depended upon regional conditions of precipitations and temperature, as well as on their interactions with stand-scale edaphic variables (surface deposit, drainage and slope) and local variables (micro-environmental) at the microsite-scale (establishment substrate types and substrate temperature). Mineral, organo-mineral and organic establishment substrates exerted mixed effects on seedling growth according to regional precipitation and temperature conditions, as well as their interactions with edaphic and local variables at the stand and microsite-scales, respectively.

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