Responses of planted northern red oak to three overstory treatments

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Success Criterion ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Made In

Northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.) were planted in upland oak forests of the Missouri Ozarks. Plantings were made in 8 clearcut plots and in 16 plots thinned to 60% stocking. After three field growing seasons, the overstory was removed on one-half of the underplanted plots. The 2304 planted trees consisted of four classes of planting stock: small 1 + 0, large 1 + 0, 1 + 1, and container-grown. Shoots were clipped on one-half of the trees in each class. After five field growing seasons, average survival was 84%. Average heights of survivors were as follows: 118 cm for trees planted directly into clearcuts, 97 cm for underplanted–released trees, and 59 cm for underplanted–unreleased trees. Based on net shoot growth of trees after overstory removal, success probabilities were estimated using logistic regression analysis. The most successful trees were clipped 1 + 1 stock with initial shoot diameters (2 cm above the root collar) of 10 mm or more that were underplanted and subsequently released. For clipped 1 + 1 stock, success probabilities for a success criterion of 30 cm net height growth per year after overstory removal ranged from 0.61 to 0.77 for 10 to 16 mm diameter trees; for a success criterion of 40 cm, success probabilities were 0.42 to 0.63, respectively.

scholarly journals Crop Tree Release Improves Competitiveness of Northern Red Oak Growing in Association with Black Cherry

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Schuler
Keyword(s):  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Increment Core ◽  
Tree Management ◽  
Class Distribution ◽  
Growing Seasons

Abstract In 1993, a crop tree study was established in a pole-sized stand consisting of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Black cherry was the predominant species in the stand and appeared to be on the verge of virtually eliminating northern red oak based on its greater height growth potential. To assess crop tree management for maintaining the competitiveness of oak in this situation, the stand was compartmentalized into treated and untreated areas and crop trees were selected. In the treated areas, crop trees received a three- or four-sided crown-touching release. Individual tree characteristics were measured following the growing seasons of 1993 and 10 years later. Crop tree release resulted in slowing the height growth of codominant black cherry, but not northern red oak. Ten-year mean height growth of northern red oak exceeded that of released black cherry, but not that of unreleased black cherry crop trees. Crown expansion and diameter at breast height (dbh) growth also increased as a result of crop tree release for both species, but black cherry clear stem development was suppressed. Based on increment core analysis, dbh growth of released northern red oak crop trees in 2003 was about twice that of unreleased northern red oak, although black cherry treatment related differences in radial growth were no longer present. Ten years after crop tree release, northern red oak crown class distribution improved and black cherry crown class distribution was unchanged. These results suggest crop tree management will improve northern red oak competitiveness in pole-sized stands when growing in association with black cherry and, perhaps, other fast growing species.

scholarly journals Tree Shelters Reduced Growth and Survival of Underplanted Red Oak Seedlings in Southern Iowa

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Bardon ◽  
David W. Countryman ◽  
Richard B. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Tree Shelters ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Oak Seedlings

Abstract A major concern in the management of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) is the difficulty in regenerating stands that have dense understories of shade tolerant species. A replicated study in southern Iowa indicated that over a 5 yr period, tree shelters have a major impact on establishment of underplanted, 1-0, northern red oak bareroot stock. Sheltered seedlings had increased height growth during the first 3 growing seasons. But during the next 2 growing seasons, annual height growth of sheltered seedlings declined to a level of annual height growth similar to that of nonsheltered seedlings. After 5 growing seasons, sheltered seedlings were approximately 30 cm taller than nonsheltered seedlings. Sheltered and nonsheltered seedlings were one-third to two-thirds the height of the shelters. At the end of the fifth growing season, total mortality for sheltered seedlings was 40 and 55%, whereas for nonsheltered seedlings, mortality was 26 and 28% at the McNay and Stephens sites, respectively. Tree shelters may be a viable alternative in open areas (e.g., clearcuts or plantations), but in this study, tree shelters reduced both growth and survival when used to protect underplanted, 1-0, red oak seedlings. North. J. Appl. For. 16(2):103-107.

scholarly journals Rehabilitating a Young Northern Red Oak Planting with Tree Shelters

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Gillespie ◽  
Ronald Rathfon ◽  
Richard K. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Artificial Regeneration ◽  
Tree Shelters ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Deer Browse ◽  
Browse Species

Abstract Methods for deer browse protection are becoming a necessary aspect of hardwood silviculture, particularly with practices such as artificial regeneration of oaks. This study tested the effectiveness of two types of deer protection for aiding the rehabilitation of a failed northern red oak planting in southern Indiana. Tree shelters, bar soap repellent, and no protection (control) treatments were applied to 1 yr old, coppice-origin oak shoots arising from 8 yr old root-stocks of an unsuccessful 1980 old-field research planting. Oaks in tree shelters exhibited significantly greater early shoot growth than did unsheltered oaks. This height advantage was maintained, but not increased once tree crowns emerged from the shelter environment. After 5 growing seasons, oaks receiving the soap repellent treatment began to increase their rate of height growth. Continuation of this trend could negate early growth advantages of tree shelters. The use of tree shelters may improve the success of attempts to regenerate preferred browse species such as oaks, but concerns of practicality and economics remain. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):24-29.

scholarly journals Auger Planting of Oak Seedlings

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-93
Author(s):  
Eric Heitzman ◽  
Adrian Grell
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Oak Seedlings

Abstract In 2001, we used power augers to plant 1-0 northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Q. alba) seedlings in stony soils in Arkansas. After two growing seasons, red oak and white oak survival was 86% and 91%, respectively. Both species had only grown an average of 1 ft in height in 2 yr. North. J. Appl. For. 20(2):92–93.

scholarly journals Seasonal Effects of Transplanting on Northern Red Oak and Willow Oak

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Lisa E. Richardson-Calfee ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Jody K. Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Red Oaks

Abstract Seasonal effects on transplant establishment of balled-and-burlapped (B&B) shade trees are not well documented. Early post-transplant root growth and aboveground growth over a 3-year period were therefore determined for November-and March-transplanted northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and willow oak (Q. phellos L.). Survival of red oak was 100% for both treatments. Survival of November-and March-transplanted willow oak was 67% and 83%, respectively. No new root growth was observed outside or within the root balls of either species upon excavation in January. New root growth was evident when trees of both species were excavated in April, indicating that root system regeneration of November-transplanted trees occurs in late winter and/or early spring, not late fall and/or early winter. November-transplanted red oak, but not willow oak, grew more roots by spring bud break than March-transplanted trees. However, little difference in height growth and trunk expansion was evident between the November-and March-transplanted red oaks throughout the 3 years following transplant. While height growth of willow oak was nearly identical between treatments after 3 years, November transplants exhibited greater trunk diameter increase for all 3 years. Overall, season of transplant had little effect on height and trunk diameter increase of red oak, even though November-transplanted trees grew more roots prior to the first bud break following transplant. Among the willow oaks that survived, season of transplant had little effect on new root growth and height growth, but November transplanting resulted in greater trunk expansion. However, when the mortality rate of November-transplanted willow oak is taken into consideration, March may be a better time to transplant willow oak in climates similar to southwest Virginia.

scholarly journals Regeneration of Northern Red Oak in Relation to Ectomycorrhizae in Oak and Pine Stands after Overstory and Understory Manipulations

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minyi Zhou ◽  
Terry L. Sharik ◽  
Martin F. Jurgensen ◽  
Dana L. Richter ◽  
Margaret R. Gale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Pine Stands

Abstract Growth of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings in relation to colonization by indigenous ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi was studied in oak and pine stands in northern Lower Michigan that were subjected to overstory and understory manipulations. Two stand types (oak and pine), three blocks of each stand type, four canopy cover treatments (clearcut, 25% cover (50% cover in the first year), 75% cover and uncut), and two understory treatments (shrub removal and untreated control) were involved in the experiment. Northern red oak acorns from a common seed source were sown in May 1991 to simulate natural regeneration. Seedling growth and its relation to percent ECM were evaluated for the first two growing seasons. A significantly larger root-collar diameter of northern red oak seedlings was found in pine stands than in oak stands for the first growing season (P < 0.001). However, this difference could not be explained by overall ECM colonization. Seedling growth and ECM colonization were not affected by the shrub removal treatment during the first two growing seasons. In contrast, northern red oak seedling size and weight were strongly influenced by the overstory treatment, with lower levels of canopy cover resulting in larger seedlings. Seedlings had the greatest percent ECM in the partial cover treatment (25-50%) and the lowest percent ECM in the clearcut. After accounting for the effects of canopy cover, the relationship between total biomass of northern red oak seedlings and percent ECM was positively correlated (P = 0.001) during the first growing season and negatively correlated (P = 0.038) during the second growing season. A positive relationship between root/shoot ratio and percent ECM also existed in the first year (P = 0.003) in both oak and pine stands, but only in the oak stands in the second year (P = 0.039). These results indicate that ECM promoted more root development than shoot development, particularly underpartial canopy cover (25%-50%) treatments, where the greatest percent ECM and largest root/shoot ratio were found. Moreover, our results suggest that these partial canopy cover treatments provide a favorable balance between ECM abundance and northern red oak seedling development in both oak and pine stands on intermediate quality sites, and may lead to northern red oak regeneration success on such sites. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):182-190.

Allocation of current photosynthate and changes in tissue dry weight within northern red oak seedlings: individual leaf and flush carbon contribution during episodic growth

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1296-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E Dickson ◽  
Patricia T Tomlinson ◽  
J G Isebrands
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Episodic Growth ◽  
Morphological Index ◽  
Allocation Patterns

Relatively little is known about the changing carbon allocation patterns in species with episodic growth cycles such as northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). To examine such changing allocation and growth patterns, northern red oak plants were grown from seed in controlled environment chambers through four cycles of growth. 14CO2 was supplied to leaves of the first, second, or third flushes at different Quercus morphological index growth stages within each flush, and the distribution of 14C within the plant was analyzed. Carbon allocation from source leaves of the first and second flush was primarily upward during the subsequent cycle of shoot growth and downward during lag and bud growth stages. All leaves within a flush did not respond the same. Upper leaves allocated most 14C-photosynthate upward during leaf and shoot growth while lower leaves supplied more 14C to lower stem and roots. During the third and fourth flushes, differential allocation from leaves within a flush resulted in essentially equal upward and downward carbon allocation. Growth and allometric relationships reflected these changes in carbon allocation.

Planting Northern Red Oak in the Missouri Ozarks: A Prescription

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. Johnson ◽  
Charles D. Dale ◽  
Kenneth R. Davidson ◽  
Jay R. Law
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Nursery Stock

Abstract A 4-step prescription for planting northern red oak is presented that calls for: (1) controlling undesirable woody understory vegetation with a herbicide applied before planting; (2) creating a medium density shelterwood; (3) under-planting large-diameter nursery stock with clipped tops; and (4) removing the shelter-wood 3 growing seasons after planting. By applying this prescription, 1/3, to 1/2 of planted trees can be expected to be successfully established 2 years after the shelter-wood is removed. North. J. Appl. For. 3:66-68, June 1986.

Effects of Sulfometuron on the Emergence and Growth of Seeded Northern Red Oak, White Ash, and White Pine

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry H. McCormick ◽  
David H. Allen ◽  
John W. Groninger ◽  
Todd W. Bowersox
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
High Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Pine ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Direct Seeded

Abstract Sulfometuron (Oust®) and glyphosate (Roundup®) were applied separately and as tank mixes to plots direct seeded with northern red oak, white ash, and white pine. Treatments included applications of glyphosate, sulfometuron (low and high rate), sulfometuron (low and high rate) + glyphosate, and an untreated control. Results after 2 years showed no effect of sulfometuron at either rate on the emergence of northern red oak and white ash. Emergence of white pine was reduced by both rates of sulfometuron alone or in combination with glyphosate. Sulfometuron at the higher rate alone or in combination with glyphosate reduced the height growth of northern red oak and white ash, and increased first-year mortality of northern red oak. Height growth and first-year survival of white pine was not affected by either rate of sulfometuron. Glyphosate alone or in combination with sulfometuron at the lower rate had no adverse effect on the emergence or seedling growth of northern red oak, white ash, or white pine. North. J. Appl. For. 8(1):9-11

Pruning Northern Red Oak Nursery Seedlings: Effects on Root Regeneration and Early Growth

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Early Fall

Northern red oak seedlings were top-pruned in the seedbed each month from August until the next March. In late March, all trees were lifted, planted in the greenhouse, and harvested 30 days later. Any top-pruning treatment that directly or indirectly removed the leaves in late summer or early fall markedly reduced root regeneration and initial shoot growth after planting in March. Removal of all the visible buds at any date resulted in increased numbers of new shoots after planting, while pruning stems at the groundline reduced new shoot growth.In additional studies, shoots and roots of trees lifted in March were pruned to various levels before planting. Results indicated that root pruning influenced seedling growth much more than shoot pruning. The amount of new shoot growth was significantly correlated with root weight of seedlings when planted, whether differences in root weight were natural or obtained by pruning. The effects of shoot pruning and root pruning on seedling growth were largely independent of each other.

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