Sapwood area as an estimator of foliage biomass and projected leaf area for Abiesbalsamea and Picearubens

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Marchand
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
High Degree

Sapwood conducting area was found to be highly correlated with foliage biomass and projected leaf area in both balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill) and red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.). Linear regression equations from sapwood measured at breast height (1.3 m) were as follows: for balsam fir, foliage mass = 0.138X − 1.491 (R = 0.978) and projected leaf area = 0.673X − 5.453 (R = 0.952), where X is sapwood conducting area in cm2. For red spruce, foliage mass = 0.072X − 0.410 (R = 0.914) and projected leaf area = 0.167X + 6.772 (R = 0.934). Regressions improved when sapwood area was measured at the base of the live crown. The relationship between sapwood area and foliage mass or projected area in balsam fir was very similar for trees from three sites of greatly different character, suggesting a close, species dependent, physiological relationship between crown size and the cross-sectional area of conductive xylem needed to supply water to the foliage. Thus, it appears that foliage area can be predicted from increment cores with a high degree of certainty and without concern for differences in stand condition or individual tree vigor.

Factors affecting the relationship between sapwood area and leaf area of balsam fir

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1684-1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie R. Coyea ◽  
Hank A. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth

The ratio between projected leaf area (LA) and cross-sectional sapwood area (SA) of dominant and codominant balsam fir trees (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) was determined in 24 forest stands across the province of Quebec. Various physical factors proposed in the Whitehead hydraulic model, and some of the easily measured surrogates of these factors, were tested for their influence on LA:SA ratios. Average growing season vapor pressure deficit, temperature, precipitation, and stand drainage class did not significantly influence LA:SA ratios. On the other hand, LA:SA ratios were positively influenced by sapwood permeability (k), tree height, and crown length. As suggested by the model, there was a positive correlation between sapwood permeability and LA:SA ratio and a negative correlation between tree height or crown length and LA/(SA k). Increases in sapwood permeability with tree age were associated with longer tracheids having larger lumen diameters. Of the various empirical factors tested, only site quality, 5-year basal area growth, and age had a significant influence on LA:SA ratios. Sapwood cross-sectional area at breast height by itself was a reasonable linear predictor of LA for all stands (LA = −0.158 + 0.709 SABH, R2 = 0.75). Using the variables that were previously determined to influence LA:SA ratios, stepwise regressions revealed that only crown length and 5-year basal area growth significantly improved linear predictions of LA based on sapwood area. However, the increase in R2 was relatively modest, i.e., 0.83 for all three independent variables versus 0.75 for SA alone. The results from this study will be useful in integrating physiologically based measurements, such as growth efficiency, into standard forest inventory practices for balsam fir and thus could be beneficial in developing new silvicultural strategies for protecting Quebec's forest resource.

Leaf area – sapwood cross-sectional area relationships in repressed stands of lodgepole pine

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Keane ◽  
G. F. Weetman
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Density Profiles ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Individual Trees

To better understand the phenomenon of growth "stagnation" in high-density lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud.), leaf area and its relationship with sapwood cross-sectional area were examined on both an individual tree and stand basis. Leaf areas of individual trees in a 22-year-old stand varied from 30.8 m2 (dominants in stands of low stocking) to 0.05 m2 (suppressed trees in stands of high stocking). Leaf area indices ranged from 13.4 to 2.3 m2 m−2 between low and high stocking levels, respectively. Over the same stocking range, the ratio of leaf area to sapwood cross-sectional area was reduced from 0.3 to 0.15 m2 cm−2. Intraring wood density profiles showed that ovendry density increased from 0.52 to 0.7 g cm−3 and the proportion of early wood decreased over a stocking level range of 6500–109 000 trees/ha. A reduction in hydraulic conductivity in the stems of stagnant trees, suggested by the greater proportion of narrow-diameter tracheids present, may lead to a greater resistance to water transport within the boles of trees from stagnant stands, leading to low leaf areas.

scholarly journals FoliageߝSapwood Area Relationships for Balsam Fir in North-Central Minnesota

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Gilmore ◽  
Eric K. Zenner
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Allometric Equations ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
North Central ◽  
Model Form ◽  
Crown Biomass

Abstract Leaf area is an important determinant of plant productivity. Because foliage is difficult to measure directly, allometric relationships often are used to predict branch-level and tree-level attributes such as total mass, needle mass, crown biomass, and projected leaf area. Two modeling approaches (i.e., the “crown weighing” and the “branch summation” approach) and two model forms (i.e., a nonlinear model form and a linear logarithmic model form) have generally been used to develop allometric relationships. It is unclear, however, whether these approaches result in similar predictions, which of these model forms provides us with the better predictions, and whether allometric equations developed for the same tree species in one region can be safely applied in another region. To investigate these questions, allometric equations to predict branch-level attributes (mass and leaf area) were constructed for balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) in Minnesota. The “branch summation” approach was used to construct equations to predict crown biomass and projected leaf area from sapwood area, dbh, and crown length. These predictions were compared to those from the crown weighing approach. No statistically significant differences were detected. Results also indicated that the logarithmic form of the allometric model was the model of choice over the nonlinear form. Furthermore, branch-level and tree-level equations developed for balsam fir from north-central Minnesota differed from those of other regions within the range of data for the trees sampled. This reinforces the need for developing localized allometric equations.North. J. Appl. For. 22(3):203–210.

scholarly journals Rootstock Effects on Shoot Morphology and Spur Quality of `Delicious' Apple and Relationships with Precocity and Productivity

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Hirst ◽  
David C. Ferree
Keyword(s):  
Regression Line ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Flower Density ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
A Minor ◽  
High Degree

Two-year-old branch sections of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees growing on 17 rootstock were studied over 6 years to determine the effects of rootstock on shoot morphology and spur quality and describe how these factors may be related to precocity and productivity. Shoot length was affected by rootstock and was positively related to trunk cross-sectional area within each year, but the slope of the regression line decreased as trees matured. The number of spurs on a shoot was largely a product of shoot length. Spur density was inversely related to shoot length, where rootstock with longer shoots had lower spur densities. Flower density was not related to spur density, and shoot length only accounted for a minor part of the variation in flower density. The proportion of spurs that produced flowers was closely related to flower density, indicating that rootstock influence flower density by affecting the development of individual buds rather than by the production of more buds. More vigorous rootstock generally had spurs with larger individual leaves and higher total leaf area per spur, but fewer spur leaves with lower specific leaf weights. More precocious rootstock were also more productive over a 10-year period when yields were standardized for tree size. Tree size was the best indicator of precocity and productivity, which could be predicted with a high degree of certainty as early as the 4th year.

Foliage–sapwood area relationships for Abiesbalsamea in central Maine, U.S.A.

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2071-2079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Gilmore ◽  
Robert S. Seymour ◽  
Douglas A. Maguire
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Leaf Mass ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
Log Linear

Studies of forest productivity commonly invoke the pipe-model theory, which implies that leaf area or leaf mass in the tree crown is proportional to cross-sectional xylem (sapwood) area below the crown, to estimate leaf area or leaf mass from cross-sectional sapwood area. Prior ecophysiological studies have suggested that models to predict projected leaf area (PLA) from sapwood area for Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill, are valid across a broad geographical region in northeastern North America. However, no single study has explicitly tested the applicability of different model forms to predict PLA from sapwood area. The objectives of this study were to (1) test the consistency of leaf area/sapwood area ratios at the base of the live crown among four canopy positions, (2) select the best sapwood-based model out of several published model forms to predict projected leaf area, (3) explore the ability of nonsapwood-based models to predict projected leaf area, and (4) test the validity of a common model to predict projected leaf area for A. balsamea in central Maine, U.S.A. We detected no strong statistical differences in the leaf area/sapwood area ratio at the base of the live crown among the open-grown, codominant, intermediate, and suppressed canopy positions. Using a modified likelihood criterion to compare the ability of various model forms to predict PLA, we found that a log–linear model incorporating sapwood area at breast height (BH) and crown length (CL) performed the best, but a log–linear model with CL as the sole predictor variable also performed well. We concluded that a single logarithmically transformed model form using sapwood area at BH and CL to predict PLA is valid among canopy positions, but a single model to predict LA from sapwood area is not valid across a broad geographical region in northeastern North America.

Crown structure and growth efficiency of red spruce in uneven-aged, mixed-species stands in Maine

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1233-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A Maguire ◽  
John C Brissette ◽  
Lianhong Gu
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
South Central ◽  
Tree Leaf

Several hypotheses about the relationships among individual tree growth, tree leaf area, and relative tree size or position were tested with red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) growing in uneven-aged, mixed-species forests of south-central Maine, U.S.A. Based on data from 65 sample trees, predictive models were developed to (i)estimate the amount of foliage held by individual trees from sapwood cross-sectional area and (ii)define the relationship between stem volume growth and three variables: total foliage area, relative position in the stand, and the degree of past suppression. A model that included variables representing tree size (or relative social position) and degree of past suppression (live branch whorls per unit crown length) indicated that stem volume growth first increased but later decreased over leaf area when other variables were held constant. Growth efficiency declined with increasing tree leaf area, although greater height and diameter enhanced growth efficiency and greater past suppression diminished growth efficiency. The decline in growth efficiency with greater leaf area likely is attributable to one or several of the factors previously identified as contributing to growth declines in mature, even-aged stands.

Biomass and Leaf-Area Estimates for Varnishleaf Ceanothus, Deerbrush, and Whiteleaf Manzanita

1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 124-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Hughes ◽  
Christopher R. Latt ◽  
John C. Tappeiner ◽  
Michael Newton
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Site Occupancy ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract To help foresters assess site occupancy of seed-established stands of varnishleaf (Ceanothus velutinus var. laevigatus) deerbrush (Ceanothus integerrimus), and whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida), we developed equations for estimating their aboveground biomass and leaf area. From 9 to 14 pure stands from 2 to 20 years old were selected for each species in southwest Oregon and northern California. Individual stems of Ceanothus species and whole bushes of manzanita were destructively sampled Regression equations for leaf and total biomass of manzanita plants and for stems of Ceanothus sp. showed that these variables were highly correlated with trunk or stem diameter (r² = 0.85 - 0.99). Total biomass, leaf biomass, and leaf area index (LAI) of stands can be estimated accurately from measurements of stem or trunk basal area (r² = 0.87 - 0.99). Stand age (yr) and average stem length (cm) are also reliable estimators (r² = 0.74 - 0.82). It appears that stands of varnishleaf attain a maximum LAI of 5.5 m²/m² by 7 years, whereas the maximum values for deer-brush and manzanita were 2.8 and 3.5, respectively, at about 15 years. Stands of all three species apparently continue to produce net biomass well beyond 16 years of age. West. J. Appl. For. 2(4):124-128, October 1987.

Root movement and root damage of red spruce and balsam fir on subalpine sites in the White Mountains, New Hampshire

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 991-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Rizzo ◽  
T. C. Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
White Mountains ◽  
Wind Exposure ◽  
Crown Dieback ◽  
Root Movement

Crown dieback and mortality of red spruce and balsam fir in the subalpine zone of the northern Appalachian Mountains have been attributed to wind-induced crown and root damage. Vertical root movements, damage to roots and crowns, and growth rate were measured on wind-exposed spruce and fir trees near canopy gaps at Kancamagus Pass (875 m elevation) and Wildcat Mountain (1160 m) in the White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire. Root movements were significantly correlated with windspeed, crown exposure, and depth of soil to rock. Woody roots that had made movements in excess of 10 mm had fewer small (1–3 mm diameter) roots, more abrasion wounds, and a greater amount of nonconducting (dry or discolored) xylem than roots that had made smaller movements. Hydraulic conductivity was significantly reduced in roots with greater than 40% xylem cross-sectional area that was nonconducting. Spruce and fir trees at gap margins grew slower and had more root and crown damage than trees sheltered within the canopy. Decreases in growth rate of spruce and fir trees at both sites during the past 20 years were significantly correlated with wind exposure and some of the root and crown damage variables.

Estimating leaf area index and light extinction coefficients in stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii)

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Wide Range

Both photosynthetically active radiation penetrating the overstory canopy and overstory leaf area index were determined in forty-three 12 × 12 m plots in even-aged Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands. Stands were located on the east side of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, between 300 and 800 m on flat to south-facing slopes and were from a wide range of stem densities and stocking levels. In nine core plots total tree leaf area index was estimated using regression equations from individual-tree stem diameter and stand relative density. A single extinction coefficient did not govern the attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation with respect to leaf area index. For a given leaf area index, the extinction coefficient was smaller at low relative densities because of the presence of canopy gaps. Light attenuation models assuming a single extinction coefficient seriously underpredict stand leaf area index, especially at low stand densities. A modified Beer's Law model was used to predict light penetration, which implicitly accounted for foliage clumping.

scholarly journals Sapwood area – leaf area relationships for coast redwood

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1250-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petru Tudor Stancioiu ◽  
Kevin L O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sequoia Sempervirens ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Coast Redwood ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Area Sampling ◽  
Strong Linear Relationship ◽  
Taper Model

Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) trees in different canopy strata and crown positions were sampled to develop relationships between sapwood cross-sectional area and projected leaf area. Sampling occurred during the summers of 2000 and 2001 and covered tree heights ranging from 7.7 to 45.2 m and diameters at breast height ranging from 9.4 to 92.7 cm. Foliage morphology varied greatly and was stratified into five types based on needle type (sun or shade) and twig color. A strong linear relationship existed between projected leaf area and sapwood area at breast height or sapwood at the base of the live crown despite the variability in foliage morphology. Ratios of leaf area to sapwood were 0.40 m2/cm2 at breast height and 0.57 m2/cm2 at crown base. Measurements of sapwood at the base of the live crown improved leaf area predictions because of sapwood taper below the crown base. A sapwood taper model was also developed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document