Apical control of branch movements and tension wood in black cherry and white ash trees

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 594-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brayton F. Wilson ◽  
Robert R. Archer
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Apical Control ◽  
Ash Trees

We measured x,y coordinates and growth of 2-year-old branches on ash (Fraxinusamericana L.) and cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.) trees through one season of growth. We sectioned the branches at the end of the season and calculated stresses developed by new wood cells through the season. There were three treatments: (1) control, (2) stem girdled above the branch, and (3) stem girdled as in (2), with indolebutyric acid in lanolin added to the girdle (IBA). All branches first moved down, then stopped in controls, reversed to relatively rapid upward movement in treatment 2 and moved slowly upward in IBA treatments. In treatment 2, compared with controls, branches grew more in diameter, particularly on the upper side and at the branch base; stem growth below the branch was reduced; tension wood (TW) formed in ash branches and TW with greater tensile stress than in controls formed in cherry branches. Branches in IBA treatments had diameter growth and TW formation intermediate between control and treatment 2 branches.

Response of crop trees of sugar maple, white ash, and black cherry to release and fertilization

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Competition Index ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
White Ash ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Foliar Concentrations

In Grey County, southern Ontario, a crop-tree release and fertilization experiment was carried out in 35- to 85-year-old hardwood stands of variable composition. The objective of the treatments was to improve the growth rate of selected high-quality trees. A method is described for the selection and allocation of crop trees to treatments according to a competition index (CI). Release involved thinning to reduce a tree's CI by nominal levels 0, 50, and 75%. Fertilizer was applied within a circular plot equal to 1.5 times the crown radii at rates of N = 295 and 590 kg/ha (ureaform); P = 227 and 454 kg/ha (triple superphosphate). Fertilization resulted in increased foliar concentrations of N and P in sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), white ash (Fraxinusamericana L.), and black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh), but only black cherry responded to N fertilizer with an increase in diameter growth; none responded to P fertilizer. The diameter growth of sugar maple showed a response that was linearly related to the degree of release. Black cherry and white ash showed only small responses to release. It was concluded that P was not limiting to any species on these soils, and N may be limiting only to black cherry. Crop-tree release was an effective treatment for stimulating the growth of sugar maple, but it appeared to be relatively ineffective for white ash or black cherry at this age.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Xylem Discoloration in Ash Trees Associated with Macroinjections of a Systemic Insecticide

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Tanis ◽  
Deborah McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis), first identified near Detroit, Michigan, U.S., in 2002, has killed millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in 28 states and two Canadian provinces to date. Trunk injections of insecticide products containing emamectin benzoate (EB) (e.g., TREE-ageR) are often used to protect ash trees in landscapes from EAB, but wounds and potential injury resulting from injections are a concern. Researchers examined 507 injection sites on 61 trees and recorded evidence of secondary wounding (e.g., external bark cracks, internal xylem necrosis and pathogen infection). Researchers assessed 233 injection sites on 22 green ash and 24 white ash trees macro-injected with a low or a medium-high rate of EB in 2008 only, or in both 2008 and 2009. Only 12 of 233 injection sites (5%) were associated with external bark cracks and there was no evidence of pathogen infection. On 39 of the 46 trees (85%), new xylem was growing over injection sites. Researchers assessed 274 injection sites on 15 green ash trees injected annually with EB from 2008 to 2013 or injected in 2008 and again in 2011. Bark cracks were associated with four injection sites on three trees, but no evidence of injury was found on the other 12 trees. All 15 trees had new xylem laid over injection sites. Confocal laser scanning and polarizing digital microscopy were used to assess the integrity of discolored xylem tissue removed from the immediate area surrounding 140 injection sites on 61 trees. Researchers found no evidence of decay associated with discoloration.

Precommercial Thinning and Pruning of Appalachian Stump Sprouts—10-Year Results

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil I. Lamson
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Precommercial Thinning

Abstract In northern West Virginia, 7-year-old American basswood (Tilia americana L.) and 12-year-old red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprout clumps received one of four treatments: unthinned control; thinned to the best one or two codominant sprouts per clump; branch pruned up to 75% of total height; or thinned plus pruned. Analysis of 10-year growth data showed that height growth was not affected by any of the treatments. For all species, pruning slightly increased the length of clear stem and decreased periodic diameter growth. Thinning increased survival of basswood, red oak, and red maple crop stems. Thinning increased the 10-year diameter growth by 0.1 to 0.8 in. Recommendations for thinning 10- to 20-year-old sprout clumps are presented. Pruning is not recommended. In order to maintain maximum diameter growth, thinning individual sprout clumps should be followed by stand crop tree release in about 10 years. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):23-27.

Reforestation of Orchard Stands and Savannahs on Pennsylvania's Allegheny Plateau

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Horsley
Keyword(s):  
Site Preparation ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
Allegheny Plateau ◽  
Forest Openings

Abstract Orchard stands and savannahs are forest openings that failed to regenerate after turn-of-the-century logging and have been dominated by dense herbaceous plant growth for 50 or more years. The effectiveness of herbicide application, mechanical site preparation, and fertilization on survival and growth of five species of seedlings was tested over a 6-year period. Neither site preparation nor fertilization significantly increased survival of any species above the control during the first 2 years after planting. Residues of picloram, one of the herbicides used during site preparation, reduced survival of all species, except white ash, below that of the control. Fertilization reduced survival of all species. Black cherry was the only species that grew better as a result of the treatments. Weed removal significantly increased black cherry seedling growth, but much of this increased growth was in branches, rather than the terminal shoot. Mechanical site preparation plus herbicide did not increase growth of black cherry seedlings above that of herbicide alone during the first 2 years and had the disadvantage of stimulating reinvasion by grass. Deer which penetrated the protective fence interfered with evaluation of growth after the second year. North J. Appl. For. 2:22-26, Mar. 1985.

Species Composition and Development of Second-Growth Hardwood Stands in Quebec

1968 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 31-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl H. Winget
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Cutting Intensity

Second-growth, tolerant hardwood stands developed rapidly and, almost entirely from shade-tolerant advance growth, regardless of cutting intensity. Non-commercial woody species were seldom important competitors. Sugar maple, associated with beech on upland and balsam fir on lowland sites, was the dominant species. Yellow birch, basswood and hemlock, important contributors to wood volumes harvested, were minor components of second-growth stands. Valuable minor species such as red oak, white ash, and black cherry had practically disappeared. The application of known techniques for regenerating disturbance-dependent species is urgently required.

22-Year Growth of Four Planted Hardwoods

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Laurane Stout
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Forest Landowners ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Preferred Species

Abstract Planting of northern hardwood species interests forest landowners and managers who wish to continue growing pure or nearly pure stands of high-value species, enhance old-field conversion to preferred species, or reforest areas where natural regeneration has failed. Little data on planted hardwoods can be found, however. This paper reports on 22 years of growth of a northern hardwood plantation established in 1961 containing red maple, black cherry, sugar maple, and white ash. The data show that plantings of these species can succeed on good sites with weed control over the first few years, protection from animal predators, and close initial spacing. North. J. Appl. For. 3:69-72, June 1986.

Branches versus stems in woody plants: control of branch diameter growth and angle

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 1852-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brayton F Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Branch Diameter ◽  
Growth Stresses ◽  
Branch Angle ◽  
Apical Control

The results of three studies at different stages of branch development demonstrated the importance of apical control of diameter growth in both stem formation and branch angle. Diameter growth is controlled by competition between branches and the stem for branch-produced photosynthate. Apical control of branch angle occurs only in species that can produce differential growth stresses. In those species, upward bending is largely regulated by the amount of branch diameter growth. The first study followed stem formation from current shoots in Kalmia latifolia L., a shrub without terminal buds or apical control of branch angle. When several current or older shoots were competing, the longest, most distal lateral shoot usually became the stem. Shoot angle was poorly correlated with eventual dominance. A more proximal lateral shoot on the underside of a leaning parent became the longest, dominant lateral in 24% of the parent shoots. The second study used stem girdles to test the hypothesis that the subjacent stem competes with the branch for branch-produced photosynthate. Results from Pinus strobus L. supported the hypothesis, but results from Betula lenta L. and Acer rubrum L. did not. The third study removed apical control from branches of six forest-shrub species by cutting off the stem above the branch. Branches of all species increased diameter growth after cutting the stem, but only branches of Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray, Hamamelis virginiana L., and Cornus amomum Mill. developed differential growth stress and bent upward. Treated branches of Gaylusaccia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch, Viburnum cassinoides L., and K. latifolia sagged as much as controls.Key words: apical control, diameter growth, branch angle, growth stress, reaction wood.

scholarly journals An Assessment Of Tree Banding Techniques To Capture Cankerworm Defoliators Of Elm And Ash Trees In Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Kerienne La France ◽  
A. Richard Westwood
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Tree Defoliation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Fall Cankerworm ◽  
Capture Rates

Fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria L.) and spring cankerworm (Paleacrita vernata Peck) are widely distributed across North America. The larvae feed on the leaves of several species of urban street trees, and repeated severe defoliation can cause a reduction in growth and may contribute to tree mortality. This study examined the effectiveness of Tanglefoot-covered tree bands and the Bug Barrier Tree Band in preventing the upward movement of female cankerworms on the trunk by comparing capture rates of adult moths. There were no significant differences among tree species in the number of A. pometaria adults caught, while P. vernata showed a preference for elm (Ulmus spp.) over ash (Fraxinus spp.). Up to 25% of female moths crossed the Bug Barrier Tree Band, and up to 20% of females crossed the Tanglefoot-covered bands in three experiments in 2002 and 2003. There was no significant difference between the two band types in the proportion of females crossing bands. Larval populations were not large enough to determine the effect of the bands on reducing tree defoliation. The Bug Barrier Tree Band was easier to install and remove than the Tanglefoot-covered bands and required considerably less clean-up afterward.

scholarly journals The nature of tension wood in black cherry

1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Koch ◽  
T. F. Li ◽  
J. R. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Tension Wood ◽  
Black Cherry
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