Resin acid, turpentine, and caloric content of paraquat-treated slash pine

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan V. Kossuth ◽  
Donald R. Roberts ◽  
Jacob B. Huffman ◽  
Shih-Chi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Tree Stem ◽  
Whole Tree

Slash pines (Pinuselliottii Engelm.) were injected with 2% paraquat cation (weight/weight basis) and harvested after 24 months. Each stem was cut into three bolts and the amounts of resin acids and of turpentine, the net energy value, and the moisture content were measured. In the lower bolt, adjacent to the treated zone, a 984% increase in resin acids and a 2460% increase in turpentine were found. Averaged over the entire tree stem (three bolts) resin acids increased 407% and turpentine 784%. Moisture content was reduced 53.2% in the lower bolt and 28.4% in the middle bolt and increased 10% in the upper bolt. Turpentine amounts from treated and untreated trees were qualitatively similar and had an average heating value of 10 369 cal/g (1 cal = 4.1868 J). Lower moisture and increased resin of the treated trees increased the caloric content of the lower 152-cm bolt by 33.1% above controls and of the whole tree stem by 12.7% above the controls.

Composition of callus resin of Norway spruce, Scots pine, European larch and Douglas fir

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Holmbom ◽  
Markku Reunanen ◽  
Pedro Fardim
Keyword(s):  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives ◽  
Conifer Trees ◽  
Tree Stem ◽  
Microbial Attack

Abstract On damage of conifer trees, oleoresin is exuded onto the tree stem. The oleoresin is typically composed of monoterpenes and resin acids. It serves to protect the tree from dehydration and microbial attack. Callus resin, in the traditional German term “Überwallungsharz”, is a resin exuded from the callus tissue formed as the wound is closed by annual growth. These resins can usually be found as nodules or lumps on the rim of the closing wound. Both types of resin, collected from Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Larix decidua and Pseudotsuga menziesii, were analyzed separately by GC/GC-MS. Expectedly, the oleoresin samples were composed of resin acids. However, the callus resins were of a completely different composition as they are composed primarily of lignans and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. In addition, the L. decidua sample contained significant amounts of abietol and abietadiene. The P. abies and L. decidua callus resins were found to be essentially resin acid-free. The components identified in the callus resin samples have previously been identified as minor components in oleoresin and bark samples. The potential for the inadvertent inclusion of callus resin in previously analyzed samples of oleoresin, bark and ingrown (dead) knots is highlighted.

Differences in Resin Acid Concentration between Brown-Rot Resistant and Susceptible Scots Pine Heartwood

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Harju ◽  
P. Kainulainen ◽  
M. Venäläinen ◽  
M. Tiitta ◽  
H. Viitanen
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Equilibrium Moisture Content ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Abietic Acid ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Hydrophobic Properties

Summary The concentration of individual resin acids and the equilibrium moisture content at a relative humidity of 100% were studied in brown-rot resistant and susceptible Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) heartwood. About 90% of the resin acids in the heartwood were of the abietane type, abietic acid being the most abundant. The concentration of resin acids was higher in the decay-resistant heartwood than in the decay-susceptible heartwood. Resin acids are presumably in part responsible for the decay resistance of Scots pine heartwood. However, no clear relationship was found between the concentration of resin acids and the equilibrium moisture content. The role of resin acids may also be ascribed to mechanisms other than their hydrophobic properties alone. The reasons for the slight differences in moisture content between the decay classes require further study.

Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases in conifer genomes: discovery of members of the terpenoid oxygenase superfamily in spruce and pine

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1209-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hamberger ◽  
J. Bohlmann
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Expressed Sequence Tag ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Full Length Sequence ◽  
Diterpene Resin Acids

Diterpene resin acids, together with monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, are the most prominent defence chemicals in conifers. These compounds belong to the large group of structurally diverse terpenoids formed by enzymes known as terpenoid synthases. CYPs (cytochrome P450-dependent mono-oxygenases) can further increase the structural diversity of these terpenoids. While most terpenoids are characterized as specialized or secondary metabolites, some terpenoids, such as the phytohormones GA (gibberellic acid), BRs (brassinosteroids) and ABA (abscisic acid), have essential functions in plant growth and development. To date, very few CYP genes involved in conifer terpenoid metabolism have been functionally characterized and were limited to two systems, yew (Taxus) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). The characterized yew CYP genes are involved in taxol diterpene biosynthesis, while the only characterized pine terpenoid CYP gene is part of DRA (diterpene resin acid) biosynthesis. These CYPs from yew and pine are members of two apparently conifer-specific CYP families within the larger CYP85 clan, one of four plant CYP multifamily clans. Other CYP families within the CYP85 clan were characterized from a variety of angiosperms with functions in terpenoid phytohormone metabolism of GA, BR, and ABA. The recent development of EST (expressed sequence tag) and FLcDNA (where FL is full-length) sequence databases and cDNA collections for species of two conifers, spruce (Picea) and pine, allows for the discovery of new terpenoid CYPs in gymnosperms by means of large-scale sequence mining, phylogenetic analysis and functional characterization. Here, we present a snapshot of conifer CYP data mining, discovery of new conifer CYPs in all but one family within the CYP85 clan, and suggestions for their functional characterization. This paper will focus on the discovery of conifer CYPs associated with diterpene metabolism and CYP with possible functions in the formation of GA, BR, and ABA in conifers.

Digestible cell wall and undigested cellular contents of two grasses of low net energy value for growing cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Moir
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Range Of Values

SUMMARYIn two grasses of low net energy value for growth and fattening of cattle, digestible cell-wall values were close to 40% of forage organic matter (OM), similar to the expected value for grass. A value of 14% of forage OM for apparently undigested cellular contents in both grasses was just outside the range of values for grass. The data supported previous evidence that total cell wall is the only value that can be used at present to define grass in terms of its digestible dry matter.

scholarly journals The Technological Investigations Of Manufacturing Of Energy Chips

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Ziedonis Miklašēvičs
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Term Storage ◽  
Lower Heating

The methodology in Latvia forest industry provide to determine the quality of energy chips only in long- term storage places before selling. Due to the lack of hard empirical data about the quality parameters of energy chips in different phases of manufacturing process, this research paper consists of: - the identification and analyses of the factors that influenced the values of energy chips quality features such as: bulk density, moisture content, ash content, higher and lower heating value according to actual moisture content and per dry mass of the chips; - the methodology for determination the quality parameters of energy chips by analysis the wood moisture content and by choice the method of the manufacturing of energy chips.

Relationship between cortical resin acids and resistance of Sitka spruce to the white pine weevil

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth S. Tomlin ◽  
John H. Borden ◽  
Harold D. Pierce Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Canonical Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Cortical resin acids were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively among 10 provenances and 11 genotypes of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis Bong (Carr.), putatively resistant to the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), and compared with susceptible trees. Trees in 5 of the 11 resistant genotypes had significantly greater amounts of cortical resin acid than susceptible trees. Of seven individual acids analyzed, pimaric, isopimaric, levopimaric, dehydroabietic, abietic, and neoabietic acid, but not palustric acid, were found in significantly greater amounts in trees from resistant than susceptible provenances. Eighteen percent of the variation in resin acid content could be accounted for by variation in the capacity of cortical resin ducts, indicating that the other 82% of variation is a result of differences in resin acid concentration in the resin. Trees with very high resin acid levels may have a greater capacity for resinosis than susceptible trees, may deter feeding, or may produce resin that is toxic to eggs and larvae. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed that several resistant clones, particularly two from the Kitwanga provenance, could be distinguished from others on the basis of their resin acid profiles. Because it separated trees on the basis of genotype, but not according to degree of resistance, canonical discriminant analysis may be more useful in "chemotyping" trees than in screening for resistance. Keywords: Picea, cortex, resin acids, Pissodes strobi, resistance.

scholarly journals PSIII-1 Nutritive value of expeller-pressed carinata cake for pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 171-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tofuko A Woyengo
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Livestock Feeding ◽  
Net Energy Value

Abstract Carinata (Brasicca carinata) is an oilseed crop of brassica family that is grown for production of oil for biofuel industry. Expeller-pressed carinata cake (EPCAR), a co-product from carinata seed oil extraction plants, is available for livestock feeding. However, nutritive value of EPCAR for pigs has not been reported. Objective of this study was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and net energy value of EPCAR for growing pigs. Eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 33 kg) were fed 3 diets in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 2 added columns to give 8 replicates/diet. The diets were cornstarch-based, containing expeller-pressed canola cake (EPCAN) or EPCAR as sole protein source, and N-free. The EPCAN was included in the study for comparison because it is derived from canola, which is the most widely used crop of Brassica family for oil production. Digestibility of AA in feedstuffs was determined by the direct method. Energy digestibility in EPCAN and EPCAR was determined by difference from the N-free diet. On DM basis, EPCAN and EPCAR contained 39.6 and 50.2% CP, 20.7 and 26.8% NDF, 16.0 and 0.88% ether extract, 2.32 and 1.82% lysine, 0.74 and 0.96% methionine, 1.63 and 1.89% threonine, and 0.50 and 0.64% tryptophan, respectively. The EPCAN compared with EPCAR, had greater (PPP = 0.078) in SID of threonine. The EPCAN had greater (P < 0.05) net energy value than EPCAN (2,082 vs. 1,576 kcal/kg DM). In conclusion, EPCAR lower energy value than EPCAN. However, EPCAR had greater SID of most AA than EPCAN; therefore, EPCAR can serve as alternative oilseed co-product feedstuff for pigs.

scholarly journals Acacia Holosericea: An Invasive Species for Bio-char, Bio-oil, and Biogas Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Sumon Reza ◽  
Ashfaq Ahmed ◽  
Wahyu Caesarendra ◽  
Muhammad S. Abu Bakar ◽  
Shahriar Shams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Acacia Holosericea

To evaluate the possibilities for biofuel and bioenergy production Acacia Holosericea, which is an invasive plant available in Brunei Darussalam, was investigated. Proximate analysis of Acacia Holosericea shows that the moisture content, volatile matters, fixed carbon, and ash contents were 9.56%, 65.12%, 21.21%, and 3.91%, respectively. Ultimate analysis shows carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen as 44.03%, 5.67%, and 0.25%, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results have shown that maximum weight loss occurred for this biomass at 357 °C for pyrolysis and 287 °C for combustion conditions. Low moisture content (<10%), high hydrogen content, and higher heating value (about 18.13 MJ/kg) makes this species a potential biomass. The production of bio-char, bio-oil, and biogas from Acacia Holosericea was found 34.45%, 32.56%, 33.09% for 500 °C with a heating rate 5 °C/min and 25.81%, 37.61%, 36.58% with a heating rate 10 °C/min, respectively, in this research. From Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy it was shown that a strong C–H, C–O, and C=C bond exists in the bio-char of the sample.

scholarly journals Exposure Determinants of Wood Dust, Microbial Components, Resin Acids and Terpenes in the Saw- and Planer Mill Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Straumfors ◽  
Marine Corbin ◽  
Dave McLean ◽  
Andrea ‘t Mannetje ◽  
Raymond Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Exposure Response ◽  
Wood Type ◽  
Exposure Determinants ◽  
And Task

Abstract Objectives Sawmill workers have an increased risk of adverse respiratory outcomes, but knowledge about exposure–response relationships is incomplete. The objective of this study was to assess exposure determinants of dust, microbial components, resin acids, and terpenes in sawmills processing pine and spruce, to guide the development of department and task-based exposure prediction models. Methods 2474 full-shift repeated personal airborne measurements of dust, resin acids, fungal spores and fragments, endotoxins, mono-, and sesquiterpenes were conducted in 10 departments of 11 saw- and planer mills in Norway in 2013–2016. Department and task-based exposure determinants were identified and geometric mean ratios (GMRs) estimated using mixed model regression. The effects of season and wood type were also studied. Results The exposure ratio of individual components was similar in many of the departments. Nonetheless, the highest microbial and monoterpene exposure (expressed per hour) were estimated in the green part of the sawmills: endotoxins [GMR (95% confidence interval) 1.2 (1.0–1.3)], fungal spores [1.1 (1.0–1.2)], and monoterpenes [1.3 (1.1–1.4)]. The highest resin acid GMR was estimated in the dry part of the sawmills [1.4 (1.2–1.5)]. Season and wood type had a large effect on the estimated exposure. In particular, summer and spruce were strong determinants of increased exposure to endotoxin (GMRs [4.6 (3.5–6.2)] and [2.0 (1.4–3.0)], respectively) and fungal spores (GMRs [2.2 (1.7–2.8)] and [1.5 (1.0–2.1)], respectively). Pine was a strong determinant for increased exposure to both resin acid and monoterpenes. Work as a boilerman was associated with moderate to relatively high exposure to all components [1.0–1.4 (0.8–2.0)], although the estimates were based on 13–15 samples only. Cleaning in the saw, planer, and sorting of dry timber departments was associated with high exposure estimates for several components, whereas work with transportation and stock/finished goods were associated with low exposure estimates for all components. The department-based models explained 21–61% of the total exposure variances, 0–90% of the between worker (BW) variance, and 1–36% of the within worker (WW) variances. The task-based models explained 22–62% of the total variance, 0–91% of the BW variance, and 0–33% of the WW variance. Conclusions Exposure determinants in sawmills including department, task, season, and wood type differed for individual components, and explained a relatively large proportion of the total variances. Application of department/task-based exposure prediction models for specific exposures will therefore likely improve the assessment of exposure–response associations.

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