The effect of sonication on the growth of some tree seeds

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 840-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pearl Weinberger ◽  
C. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Length Range ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Tree Seeds ◽  
All Treatment

Air-dry seeds of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), red pine (P. resinosa Ait.), tamarack (Larixeuropaea L.), and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) were subjected for 30 min to 1 MHz ultrasound at one of three intensities of ultrasound ranging from 0.5 to 6.0 W/cm2. Subsequent germination was assessed in terms of percent germination, mean daily germination (MDG), and peak velocity of germination (PV). From these, germination values (GV) were obtained. Only jack pine responded to the ultrasonic treatments by giving rise to higher MDG and GV values. The seeds were equally stimulated by all the intensities used. The rates and percent germination of the other tree species were unaffected by any of the sonication treatments. Seeds of jack pine were also sonicated at 25, 50, 100, 250, and 750 kHz at an intensity in the range of 0.5–1.0 W/cm2. None of these treatments affected the course of germination.Subsequent seedling growth of all the seeds in all treatment sets was also monitored by summing the total length of all the seedlings following 8 and 14 days of growth. The seedlings were divided into five length-range categories. The jack pine seedlings alone, sonicated at 1 MHz, had significantly more seedlings in the larger size group than the untreated seedlings.

Some toxic effects of fenitrothion on seed germination and early seedling growth of jack pine, spruce, and birches

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pearl Weinberger ◽  
L. Pomber ◽  
R. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Tree Seeds

The seeds of four tree species (two conifers and two angiosperms) indigenous to the spruce boreal forests of Canada were exposed to 10 ppm (field concentration) and 1000 ppm fenitrothion during stratification and (or) early seedling growth. Pinusbanksiana Lamb. (jack pine) seeds exposed to 1000 ppm fenitrothion germinated more rapidly at first (0–10 days) but later were indistinguishable from untreated or 10 ppm fenitrothion treated seeds. The speed and percent germination of Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce) seeds were unaffected by either fenitrothion treatment. After 5 months growth the conifer seedlings derived from fenitrothion treated seeds were comparable to untreated seedlings. The (angiosperm tree) seeds of Betulaalleghaniensis Britton and Betulapaperifera Marsh, (yellow and white birch) showed reduced germination following exposure to 10 ppm fenitrothion and marked toxicological damage when exposed to 1000 ppm fenitrothion.

Effects of organic horizon removal, ash, watering regime, and shading on red pine seedling emergence

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 422-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Herr ◽  
Luc C. Duchesne
Keyword(s):  
Water Regime ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
High Water ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organic Horizon ◽  
Water Regimes

Soil monoliths were used to determine the effects of organic horizon removal, ash, water regime, and shading on red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) seedling emergence. Soil monoliths were collected from a jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stand and taken to the laboratory for prescribed burning, leading to 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% organic horizon removal. One half of each monolith contained ash generated from burning, while the other half was kept ash-free. Each half of every monolith was sown with red pine seeds. The monoliths were then placed in a greenhouse and, in separate experiments, were exposed to different water regimes and shade regimes. Red pine seedling emergence was highest under high water regimes, increased shade regimes, and increased organic horizon removal. Seedling emergence was reduced by the presence of ash.

Screening jack pine seedlings for resistance to Cronartiumquercuum f.sp. banksianae and Endocronartiumharknessii

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1642-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Burnes ◽  
R. A. Blanchette ◽  
W. K. Stewart ◽  
C. A. Mohn
Keyword(s):  
Jack Pine ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) seedlings grown from nine seed lots were tested for resistance to two different gall rusts, Cronartiumquercuum (Berk.) Miyable ex. Shirai f.sp. banksianae Burdsall and Snow and Endocronartiumharknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka. Resistance to C. quercuum f.sp. banksianae or E. harknessii was found among the seed sources tested. Resistance to one rust was not correlated with resistance to the other. Several seed sources were intermediately resistant to both rust fungi. The results demonstrate the need to screen for resistance to both gall rust fungi if seedlings are to be planted in an area where the two rusts are present.

scholarly journals Resistance of Pinus banksiana to the European race of Gremmeniella abietina

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Laflamme ◽  
R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
The North ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
European Race ◽  
Low Incidence

In the early 1980s, more than 90% of mortality caused by Gremmeniella abietina, European race, was recorded in red pine (Pinus resinosa) plantations 200 km northwest of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Surrounding jack pines (Pinus banksiana) did not appear to be affected. Consequently, foresters began to plant the affected areas with jack pine seedlings. In 1988, plots of 100 jack pines were established in three of the four selected plantations. As reference, red pine seedlings were planted in 1989 under similar conditions in the fourth plantation. Observations were carried out annually from 1989 to 1992. Mortality of red pine seedlings reached 70% in 1992 while all jack pines on the three experimental sites were free of the disease except for a tip blight, a distinctive feature allowing race identification in the field. The North American race symptoms were present at a very low incidence, but began to increase on site I in 1992. More than 10 years after planting, the jack pine trees still show resistance to the European race of G. abietina while all the red pines died.

Integrated control of Fusarium damping-off in red pine seedlings with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillusinvolutus and fungicides

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1283-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Chakravarty ◽  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
B. E. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Control ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tube Length ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Damping-off caused by Fusariumoxysporum Schlecht. in red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) was significantly reduced when seedlings were treated with either of two fungicides (benomyl or oxine benzoate) concomitantly with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillusinvolutus (Batsch.) Fr. compared with inoculation with P. involutus alone. Both fungicides at concentrations of 10 ppm and above significantly reduced spore germination and germ-tube length of F. oxysporuminvitro. On the other hand, invitro growth of P. involutus mycelium was not affected by the fungicides at concentrations up to 1000 ppm. The growth of P. involutus was, however, significantly reduced by the two fungicides at 5000 and 10 000 ppm. Inoculation of red pine seedlings with P. involutus was effective under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions in reducing the incidence of damping-off induced by F. oxysporum. When benomyl and oxine benzoate were applied in combination with P. involutus, seedling mortality was not observed. Oxine benzoate was phytotoxic and inhibited mycorrhiza formation by P. involutus at the recommended dose. Benomyl, on the other hand, had no inhibitory effect on seedling growth and stimulated ectomycorrhiza formation either by a naturally occurring mycorrhizal fungus or P. involutus in the greenhouse. The concept of incorporating integrated biological and chemical treatment for controlling Fusarium damping-off of red pine seedlings is suggested.

Infection of containerized jack pine and black spruce by Laccaria species and Thelephoraterrestris and seedling survival and growth after outplanting

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H.R. Browning ◽  
Roy D. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Uninoculated Control ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Soil Mix

The standard container (Japanese paperpot) and soil mix used in Ontario did not prevent abundant (60 to 70% of short roots) ectomycorrhizal development by Laccariaproxima Boudier or Laccariabicolor (Maire) Orton after inoculations on jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seedlings. Naturally occurring Thelephoraterrestris Ehrh.:Fr., which caused similar proportions of short roots to become ectomycorrhizal on uninoculated control seedlings of both tree species, was apparently prevented from forming ectomycorrhizae on seedlings originally inoculated with L. bicolor and to a lesser extent on those inoculated with L. proxima. Although it could not be proven statistically, it appeared that L. proxima mycorrhizae enhanced the drought tolerance of jack pine seedlings to a greater extent than either T. terrestris or L. bicolor.

Root development of container-reared, nursery-grown, and naturally regenerated pine seedlings

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Nichols ◽  
A. A. Alm
Keyword(s):  
Root Systems ◽  
System Size ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stem Size ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Highly Correlated

Root systems of 6- to 10-year-old red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) and jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) trees reared in various containers were excavated from four different sites and studied. Nursery-grown and naturally regenerated trees of similar age and stem size growing on the same sites were used for comparison. Root cross-sectional area (RCSA) taken 5 cm from the stem, a measurement found to be highly correlated (r = 0.94) with root weight (In–In transformation), was used to describe root system size. The average RCSA's of jack pine reared in paper pots, book planters, and nonribbed styroblock-2 containers were smaller than those of naturally regenerated seedlings, but the differences were not statistically significant. Jack pine and red pine reared in Ontario tubes had significantly larger RCSA's than nursery-grown trees. There were some differences in radial distribution of horizontal roots, and the apportionment between horizontal and vertical root components differed between some of the seedling types.

scholarly journals Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Pinus densiflora Seedlings under Flooding Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4367
Author(s):  
Yoonhee Cho ◽  
Shinnam Yoo ◽  
Myung Soo Park ◽  
Ji Seon Kim ◽  
Chang Sun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Thelephora Terrestris ◽  
Suillus Luteus ◽  
Flooding Stress ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Rhizopogon Luteolus

Flooding is an environmental stress for plants that not only limits aeration and nutrient acquisition, but also disturbs underground plant-associated fungal communities. Despite frequent flooding, red pine (Pinus densiflora) seedlings thrive in streamside environments. However, whether the compatible ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) of red pine are affected by natural flooding is unclear. As EMF are vital symbionts for the development of many trees and allow them to overcome various environmental stresses, in this study, the EMF species associated with red pine seedlings in a streamside environment in Korea were investigated after flooding. The EMF species in 47 seedlings collected from the streamside site were identified by observing their different morphotypes using internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis, and a total of 10 EMF species were identified. The EMF species diversity was lower than that in samples collected from a nearby forest analyzed as a control. The dominant EMF species of streamside seedlings included Amphinema spp., Rhizopogon luteolus, Suillus luteus, and Thelephora terrestris. This study could serve as a basis for investigating the mechanisms by which advantageous EMF aid plant development under flooding stress.

Impact of Deer Browsing on Regeneration in Mixed Stands in Southern New England

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Kittredge ◽  
P. Mark S. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Browsing preferences by white-tailed deer were evaluated for 6 tree species in northeastern Connecticut. Deer density averaged 23/mile². Deer exhibited no species-specific preferences for seedlings greater than 19 in. For seedlings less than 19 in., hemlock and black birch were preferred. Red maple, sugar maple, and white pine seedlings were avoided. Red oak seedlings were neither preferred nor avoided. A much higher proportion of seedlings greater than 19.7 in. in height was browsed, regardless of species. Browsing preferences for species in the smaller seedling class, combined with a lack of preference for species in the larger class may result in future stands with less diverse tree species composition. Deer densities in excess of 23/mile² may be incompatible with regeneration of diverse forests in southern New England. North. J. Appl. For. 12(3):115-120.

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