Groove formation in the stem of red pine associated with branches

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. F. Fayle
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Vertical Extent ◽  
Annual Changes ◽  
Branch Death

Annual changes in the radial and longitudinal extent of grooves above and below branches on the stem of a 40-year-old red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) were determined by examination and measurement of annual rings on cross sections. Grooves appeared above branches when they were in the fourth whorl and maximum vertical extent occurred about the time of branch death. Ring widths within grooves compared with those between grooves decreased slowly at first, then more rapidly, reached a minimum the year after branch death, and then increased. Below branches, groove initiation was later, far less extensive, and minimal within-groove compared with between-groove ring widths occurred the year of branch death. The course of groove development appeared to be associated with the changing vigor of branches and with the nature of the junction between stem and branch. It is suggested that groove development above branches in red pine is the result of localized water deficiency, whereas groove development below branches is related to reduction in photosynthate availability.

Pathogenicity of Bursaphelenchusxylophilus on three species of pine

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Bedker ◽  
M. J. Wingfield ◽  
R. A. Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Branch Death

Three species of 11-year-old pine trees were inoculated with Bursaphelenchusxylophilus in the field. Four branches in single whorls on red, Scots, and jack pine trees were wounded and inoculated with 10 000 nematodes each or with water extracts from Botrytiscinerea cultures. Prior to field inoculations, the pathogenicity of the nematode isolate was confirmed on seedlings in the greenhouse. Fourteen weeks after inoculation, 27 of 80 and 13 of 52 branches were dead or dying on Scots and jack pine trees, respectively. No symptoms were observed on red pine trees inoculated with B. xylophilus or on any controls. Branch death was attributed to the formation of girdling cankers resulting from inoculation. An average of 9.14, 10.39, and 0.02 nematodes were extracted per gram of wood from branch samples collected from Scots, jack, and red pine trees at 14 weeks, respectively, and at 58 weeks an average of 13.82, 1.01, and 0.05 nematodes per gram of wood sampled were recovered. Proportions of branch samples with nematodes declined from 14 to 58 weeks after inoculation. Although limited mortality of branches occurred, the pine wood nematode was not found to cause tree death following inoculation.

Frost Rings Formed in 14-m Tall Red Pine

1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. F. Fayle
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Annual Rings

In codominant and suppressed trees in two red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations in Simcoe County, Ontario, frost rings had formed at the start of most annual rings in the two internodes below the current leader until the trees were nearly 14-m tall. None occurred in the current shoot growth or below the sixth internode. They seldom formed when the stem radius (inside bark) exceeded 2 cm.

THE EFFECT OF TREE SHELTER ON THE STEM ANATOMY OF CORK OAK (QUERCUS SUBER) PLANTS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Quilhó ◽  
F. Lopes ◽  
H. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Tree Shelter ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
One Year

The effect of tree shelter on the growth and anatomy of bark and wood of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings was evaluated one year after planting. Stem cross sections were examined and percentage of tissues (vessels, axial parenchyma, rays and fibres) and diameter of vessels analysed. The cork oaks responded to the effect of shelter tubes with a 22% increase in apical growth and a 35% decrease in radial enlargement resulting into highly significant differences in the diameter-to-height ratio (0.099 and 0.193 respectively for sheltered and unsheltered plants). The stem anatomy showed adaptations to the protected environment of the shelter: the sheltered plants had a significantly higher percentage of parenchyma (30% vs. 19%, P < 0.001) and lower percentage of wood fibres (40% vs. 47%) compared with unsheltered plants. Annual rings were less clearly visible in the sheltered plants. These observations suggest that trees grown in protective shelters are less able to withstand the environment than those directly subjected to it.

THE FORMATION OF PINOSYLVIN AND ITS MONOMETHYL ETHER IN THE SAPWOOD OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1765-1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
No Production ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Local Formation ◽  
Dormant Season

Mechanical damage to bark and cambium of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), as well as fungal penetration of sapwood in the interior of roots and stems, induces the formation of heartwood substances in the affected parts of the sapwood. Paper chromatography disclosed the occurrence of pinosylvin (trans-3,5-dihydroxy-stilbene) and its monomethyl ether (3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-stilbene) in affected sapwood. Normal undamaged sapwood does not contain these substances, which were found to be restricted to the heartwood, except for pinosylvin monomethyl ether, which was found to occur also in the pith of branches.Field and laboratory experiments were carried out on the local formation of pinosylvins in the sapwood of live branches of red pine following wounding of the cambium. It was found that the pinosylvins are formed in the late part of the growing season and during the dormant season. Cross sections through the wound on branches showed the pinosylvins in a triangular pattern with the wounded cambium as a base line and the other two sides of the triangle extending along the rays to the pith.Cells killed rapidly did not form pinosylvins. However, cells dying slowly, and in the laboratory experiments under the influence of desiccation, produced both pinosylvin and its monomethyl ether. The optimum production of the pinosylvins occurred in the laboratory at approximately 25 °C, while no production was found at 35 °C and higher temperatures.It is concluded that the pinosylvins are formed by living cells in the sapwood under the influence of desiccation and/or aeration and that their formation is a defense reaction against attack by pathogens.The term "protection wood" is preferred as an alternative term for "pathological heartwood" or "mineral stain", which has been used by many authors.

Annual Growth Rings and Growth Zones in Woody Plants in Southern Australia

IAWA Journal ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Hans Schweingruber
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Growth Zones ◽  
Desert Areas ◽  
Irregular Growth

Cross sections of 760 trunks of approximately 670 species from 47 families of shrubs, dwarf shrubs, and trees were examined to study the incidence and appearance of different categories of growth zones. In montane/alpine sites with relatively cool winter temperatures all the woody plants form distinct growth rings similar to those seen in boreal and temperate regions throughout the world, and thus these rings are considered to represent annual rings. Most species from this phytogeographical zone are useful for crossdating. In the savannahs, the jarrah and karri woodlands of the southwest and the subtropical rain forests of the southeast identifiable growth zones are formed in most species. The approximate age of the woods can be determined, but crossdating is difficult or impossible. In the desert areas woody plants form irregular growth zones, the number of which may correspond to the incidence of rainfall, and age determination and crossdating is mostly impossible. Members of the well-studied families Cupressaceae, Epacridaceae and Myrtaceae form growth zones that are more distinct than the Mimosaceae and Proteaceae. Included phloem is present in all Chenopodiaceae, one Loranthaceae and two species of Verbenaceae.

Beech bark disease: the temporal pattern of cankering in aftermath forests of Maine

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Houston ◽  
Harry T. Valentine
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Internal Defect ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Arc Lengths ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

In North America, beech bark disease occurs when bark of American beech (Fagusgrandifolia) is infested by beech scale (Cryptococcusfagisuga), then infected and killed by a fungus, Nectriacoccinea var. faginata, Nectriagalligena, or both. In long-affected stands, internal defect results as trees are cankered over time. The amount of defect, patterns of defect development, and the relationship of climate to these patterns were studied in 50 trees from two stands in eastern Maine. Two cross sections from each of five 1 m long bolts from each tree were selected at random by importance sampling. The total area of canker on the outside surface of each growth sheath of each bolt was estimated from the arc lengths of cankers on the annual rings of the sampled cross sections. Cankering began in stems 12–37 years old and 2–11 cm diameter. Rates of cankering increased over time; years of high or low cankering were synchronous between trees and stands. Cankering in year N + 1 was negatively correlated (R2 = 0.803) with October rainfall in year N and number of severely cold days from December in year N–1 through March in year N. Presumably, these factors adversely affect the survival and establishment of the beech scale and perhaps the development of and infection by Nectria spp. Mild winters and dry autumns since 1983 may have permitted the marked increases in beech scale and bark cankering observed in study plots throughout the range of beech bark disease.

scholarly journals Effects of knife-incising and longitudinal kerfing pretreatments on high-temperature drying of red pine and pitch pine timbers

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 8184-8196
Author(s):  
Chang Jin Lee ◽  
Chang-Deuk Eom
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
The Third ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
As Species ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
Species Type ◽  
High Temperature Drying

Effects of knife-incising and longitudinal kerfing pretreatments were analyzed relative to the high-temperature drying of red pine and pitch pine timbers with cross-sections less than 15 cm. Specimens were prepared as round and square timbers with thicknesses of 9, 12, and 15 cm. They were divided into four groups: control, longitudinal kerf, knife-incised, and a combination of knife-incised and longitudinal kerf. Some results from this study, such as commercial availability and application methods of drying schedules, have immense commercial importance. The incising and kerfing treatment can be used not only to improve drying quality but also as a tool for deriving an optimal drying schedule. The kerfing treatment noticeably reduced the surface checks in square timber. However, the incising treatment caused a phenomenon in which the incisions connect to each other and develop into surface checks. The wood characteristics, such as species, type, thickness, and initial MC, had more influence on determining the drying defects than the pretreatments. For the commercial use of the drying schedule used in this study, it can be useful to determine the appropriate drying time in the third step according to the species, thickness, and shape.

scholarly journals Results for research channel processes in the Upper Prut river basin (2008–2010)

2011 ◽  
pp. 149-166
Author(s):  
V. Dudych
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Sediment Accumulation ◽  
Channel Processes ◽  
Annual Changes ◽  
Lateral Erosion ◽  
Prut River

Based on the laying of three cross sections at different times in the Prut river, streams Prypir and Foresyk, the annual changes during July 2008 – April 2010 have been analyzed such as the intensity of depth and lateral erosion, sediment accumulation, deformation of the beds. Key words: cross-section of the river, deep and lateral erosion, accumulation, riverbed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document