Growth and cold hardiness of container-grown Douglas-fir, noble fir, and Sitka spruce seedlings in simulated greenhouse regimes

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyton W. Owston ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Weight Increment ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Noble Fir

Seedlings of Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Abiesprocera Rehd., and Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr. were grown for 5 months in growth rooms which simulated hot, warm, or cool growing regimes in greenhouses in western Oregon. Temperature, humidity, light intensity, and photoperiod were changed diurnally and seasonally. In all three species, maximum heights of seedlings were attained in the hot regime, whereas stem diameters were similar under the hot and warm regimes. Dry weight increment was greatest in the warm regime. The cool regime was suboptimal for all aspects of growth. Seedlings grown in the hot regime were least resistant to cold in early fall. Differences in resistance to cold of seedlings grown in the warm and cool regimes varied by species and type of damage.

The role of cotyledons in growth and development of woody angiosperms

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Marshall ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Weight Increment ◽  
Stems And Leaves

The role of photosynthetically active cotyledons in the growth of young woody angiosperm seedlings was studied over a 35-day period under controlled environmental conditions. Two experiments were performed. In the first, cotyledons of Robinia pseudoacacia, Ulmus americana, and Ailanthus altissima were removed or covered at 7, 14, or 21 days after seedling emergence. In the second experiment, seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia, Betula alleghaniensis, and Acer saccharum were grown over a range of light intensities. Removing or covering Robinia cotyledons of seedlings of any age resulted in lower dry weights of roots and stems than in controls. Removing or covering cotyledons of only 7-day-old Robinia seedlings retarded dry weight increase of foliage. Robinia seedling heights were unaffected by cotyledon covering or removal. Covering Ulmus americana cotyledons had no significant effect on dry weight increment of stems or foliage or on seedling height. Removal of Ulmus cotyledons from 7-day-old seedlings inhibited dry weight increase of roots, stems, and leaves and inhibited height growth. Removal of Ailanthus cotyledons inhibited dry weight increment of roots, stems, and leaves more than did covering of cotyledons. Species varied greatly in cotyledon development and response to light intensity. Cotyledon size was affected by light intensity in Robinia, but not in Betula or Acer. Responses of cotyledons to light intensity differed from those of foliage leaves. Cotyledon photosynthesis appeared to have a very important role in seedling growth in Robinia and Ailanthus and a less important role in Ulmus.

Use of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccarialaccata in forestry. I. Consistency between isolates in effective colonization of containerized conifer seedlings

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy Molina
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Colonization Success ◽  
Inoculation Treatment

Four isolates of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccarialaccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk and Br. were inoculated singly onto containerized Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.), Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings to detect ecotypic variation in colonization success and effects on seedling growth. All isolates formed well-developed ectomycorrhizae on all inoculated seedlings. Abundance ratings of short roots colonized did not differ between the four isolates for any conifer species; most inoculated seedlings developed ectomycorrhizae on over 80% of their short roots. There were also no differences between isolates in affecting seedling height, stem diameter, and dry weight of tops and roots for all conifer species. Inoculations did not improve seedling growth over uninoculated controls. Uninoculated controls of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine had significantly greater dry weight than their inoculated seedlings; growth of Sitka spruce and western hemlock seedlings was not affected by any inoculation treatment. Laccarialaccata vigorously colonized the entire container rooting substrate and appears a prime candidate for artificial ectomycorrhizal inoculation of containerized western conifers.

Morphological acclimation to light intensity in Douglas-fir seedlings

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (15) ◽  
pp. 2033-2042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan P. Drew ◽  
William K. Ferrell
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were grown outdoors under 9, 44, and 100% light intensity and were sampled periodically over their first growing season for stem, leaf, and root dry weights, and the data were analyzed allometrically. In addition, seedlings were assessed for number of needles per stem length, ratio leaf surface area: leaf dry weight, and maximum seedling dry weight. The experiment was repeated during a 2nd, warmer, year.Maximum growth occurred under partial shade and moderate temperatures. In the 1st year, seedlings allocated progressively more dry matter to shoot than to root growth as light intensity decreased. In the 2nd year, root growth was favored at the expense of shoot growth. In both years, shoot structural alterations were such as to favor enhanced photosynthesis under low light. Acclimative changes are explained in terms of an interaction between light, temperature, and seedling size.A second experiment showed that seedlings grown under low light set a terminal bud sooner in the fall and broke bud sooner the next spring than seedlings preconditioned to high light. They also suffered more spring frost damage and showed greater incidence of lammas growth in the 2nd year. No effect of 1st-year preconditioning on timing of budbreak was evident in the 3rd year.

Optimizing growth and development of 2-0 Douglas-fir seedlings by altering light intensity

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan P. Drew
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Planting Stock

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsitgamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were grown outdoors in pots under 71% of full light the first growing season and full light the second. Another group of seedlings was given full light continuously for 2 years. At the end of the 1st year, seedlings given initial shade had grown larger in total weight (root + shoot) than those grown under full light. With removal of shading, the larger plants with lower shoot/root ratios began to allocate increased dry matter to root development relative to their shoots. By the end of 2 years, shoot/root ratios for the two groups were no different, yet the plants shaded in their 1st year were 69% larger in dry weight. By proper use of shading during development, larger 2-0 planting stock having good root development may be produced. Such stock, grown without the use of costly fertilizer, may be better suited to regeneration of droughty sites in the Northwest than the usual 2-0 planting stock, nursery grown under full light.

scholarly journals Seedling Spacing in the Nursery in Relation to Growth, Yield, and Performance of Stock

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Root Collar

In three experiments coastal and interior varieties of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn.) were grown at a range of spacings, within drills 15 cm apart, at four nurseries in coastal British Columbia. In a fourth experiment the frequency distribution of seed spacings achieved with three types of precision seeders was examined.A 1 cm increase in spacing increased seedling dry weight by 0.5–1.5 g and root collar diameter by 0.2–0.25 mm. up to a spacing of about 8–10 cm. Above this spacing response was less. Height of two-year old (2-0) seedlings was increased little, or even decreased by wider spacing. Height:diameter ratios decreased sharply and shoot:root dry weight ratios decreased or remained unchanged with wider spacing. The number of needle primorida in 2-0 Douglas-fir buds increased up to a spacing of 2 cm. The number of first and second order branches was also increased in 2-0 seedlings of this species by wider spacing. Needle dry weight and area measurements suggested Douglas-fir from wider spacing had more sun type needles than those from closer spacing, which had more shade type needles. Only small increases in root growth capacity (RGC) were associated with wider spacing. None of the precision seeders tested achieved anything like perfect precision of seed placement. With irregularity added by 10–20% non-viable seed and winter mortality, truly precision spaced stands of 2-0 seedlings could not be achieved under existing conditions. Increased spacing of 2–5 cm between seedlings, depending on species and nursery, was justified by yield of acceptable seedlings when culling standard was increased to a root collar diameter of about 6 mm.Three years after planting, survival of white spruce was increased 11% by wider spacing in the nursery, and the corresponding value for Sitka spruce two years after planting was 13%. Seedlings of both species from wider spacings maintained a height and diameter advantage over those from close spacing.

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on Douglas-fir nursery growth and survival after outplanting

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Soil P ◽  
N Concentration

A 5N × 5P factorial fertilizer experiment was conducted on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed beds at Campbell River nursery on northern Vancouver Island. Nutrient concentrations were measured in soil and seedlings. After 2 years of growth, trees were lifted from each treatment in mid-November and again in mid-February for storage. All were planted out in April and grown for 2 years. Seedling dry weight and height in the nursery were significantly affected by N fertilizer treatment, but not by P fertilizer, although seedling tissue P concentrations were low (0.09-0.17%) and available soil P was significantly increased by treatment. Largest seedlings resulted from application of 50-75 kg N/ha during the 1st year of growth and 100-150 kg N/ha during the 2nd year. Seedling dry weight was correlated with tissue N concentration (r = 0.73-0.75) and greatest dry weight was associated with a 1-0 shoot N or a 2-0 foliar N concentration of 2%. Survival and height 2 years after planting out were significantly affected by N fertilizer treatment in the nursery, and the nursery treatments resulting in largest seedlings yielded the highest survival and height. However the N concentration of 2-0 seedlings was not closely correlated with survival or height, and shoot dry weight was the most useful nursery measurement for predicting these values (r = 0.49). Fertilization did not affect cold hardiness and hardiness of trees was essentially the same at both lifting dates. Survival at 2 years after planting was unaffected by lifting date.

Relationship between spacing and nitrogen fertilization of seedlings in the nursery, seedling mineral nutrition, and outplanting performance

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Spacing Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Outplanting Performance

Three nitrogen (N) levels and six seedling spacings were applied factorially in a randomized block design, of four replications, to coastal and interior varieties of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr), and lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) in the nursery. After growing for 2 years in the nursery, seedling dimensions, dry weights, and needle N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were determined. At the same time, samples of 400 trees per treatment were planted into the forest using the nursery design. Three years after outplanting, survival and height measurements were obtained for all species and, in addition, dry weights and nutrient concentrations for the coastal Douglas-fir. Both an increase in N fertilizer and wider spacing increased 2-year-old (2–0) seedling needle percent N, except in lodgepole pine. Wider spacing also increased percent P in interior Douglas-fir and percent K in lodgepole pine. Within the highest N fertilizer level the amount of variation in needle percent N accounted for by spacing was 75% in coastal Douglas-fir, 78% in interior Douglas-fir, and 92% in Sitka spruce. Needle percent N in 2–0 coastal Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce was positively correlated with survival (r2 = 0.24 and 0.35, respectively), total height (r2 = 0.48 and 0.61, respectively), and current height growth (r2 = 0.31 and 0.51, respectively) after 3 years in the forest. The relationships of spacing to 2–0 seedling percent N, and of 2–0 seedling percent N to outplanting performance indicated that, at least for Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce, spacing influenced outplanting performance through its effect on N nutrition. During 3 years in the forest, coastal Douglas-fir trees had maintained closely similar relative growth rates (RGR) in all treatments. Consequently, relative differences in 2–0 seedling dry weight between treatments of about threefold between 0.6- and 12-cm spacing and twofold between 60 and 235 kg N/ha fertilizer levels, had been maintained. After 3 years in the forest there were no differences in nutrient concentrations between nursery N treatments, indicating that reserves available at lifting had been dissipated, but nutrient concentrations tended to decrease with wider spacing. This suggested some unidentified wide spacing effect was promoting growth and causing nutrient dilution in the tissue.

scholarly journals Fall Fertilization with N and K: Effects on Douglas-Fir Seedling Quality and Performance

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd M. Birchler ◽  
Robin Rose ◽  
Diane L. Haase
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Root Growth Potential ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Kjeldahl Nitrogen ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Abstract Coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 1+1 seedlings were fertilized with two fertilizers [NH4NO3+K2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4+KCl] at four rates (0, 80, 160, 320 kg N and K/ha) split over three application dates (September 19, October 13, November 1, 1996). Fertilizer type did not affect total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) levels on any of the sampling dates. By January 10, TKN concentrations had increased 16, 30, and 34%, and chloride concentrations had increased 57, 77, and 112% relative to the unfertilized seedlings for the 80, 160, and 320 kg N+K/ha treatments, respectively. Nitrate levels increased briefly after the first application of NH4NO3+K2SO4. Potassium levels remained relatively unchanged. Levels of most other nutrients, as well as foliar dry weight, increased between September 16 and January 10, but these increases were generally unrelated to the fertilizer treatments. Root growth potential and cold hardiness did not differ among treatments. Seedlings that received 160 or 320 kg N/ha broke bud an average of 3 days earlier than did the unfertilized seedlings. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of fertilized seedlings was consistently higher than that of unfertilized seedlings on November 13 and December 30. These treatment differences were not reflected in seedling outplanting performance after one growing season. West. J. Appl. For. 16(2):71–79.

scholarly journals Influences of Shading and Fall Fertilization on Fluorescence, Freeze Resistance, Flower Production and Growth of Rhododendron ×kurume ‘Pink Pearl’

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Frank P. Henning ◽  
Timothy J. Smalley ◽  
Orville M. Lindstrom ◽  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Freeze Resistance ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Shade Cloth ◽  
Main Plot

We investigated the influences of fall fertilization and light intensity on photosynthesis and freeze resistance of Rhododendron ×kurume ‘Pink Pearl’, an evergreen azalea cultivar, grown outdoors in containers under nursery conditions. The study included two main-plot fall fertilization treatments: 1) 0.5 liter solution containing 75 mg·liter−1 N applied for 60 days from August 1 through September 29 and 2) 0.5 liter solution containing 125 mg·liter−1 N applied for 120 days from August 1 through November 28, and four subplot light intensity treatments 1) 100% ambient photon flux density (PPFD) from May 1, 2004, through May 1, 2005, 2) shade fabric rated to reduce PPFD by 50% from May 1 through September 30, 2004, followed by 100% PPFD from October 1, 2004, through May 1, 2005, 3) 100% PPFD from May 1 through September 30, 2004, followed by 50% PPFD from October 1, 2004, through May 1, 2005, and 4) 50% PPFD from May 1, 2004, through May 1, 2005. Fertilizer application and shade treatments did not interact in their effects on stem freeze resistance or the timing of anthesis. The high rate of extended fertigation (125 mg·liter−1 N applied August 1 through September 28) reduced freeze resistance of azalea stems and advanced anthesis by 4.9 days compared to plants that received moderate fertigation (75 mg·liter−1 N from August 1 through September 29). The high rate of extended fall fertigation failed to increase leaf or stem dry weight compared to plants that received the moderate rate of fertigation. Plants grown in 50% PPFD from May 1 through September 30 produced 163% more above ground dry weight compared to plants grown in 100% light during the same time period. The addition or removal of shade cloth beginning October 1 failed to enhance azalea stem freeze resistance compared to plants that were only exposed to 100 or 50% PPFD respectively. Shade treatments affected the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (Fv · Fm−1) of leaves, but leaf fluorescence was unrelated to stem freeze resistance. Shade treatments affected azalea growth and photosynthetic stress, but shade neither interacted with fall fertilization to increase stem freeze resistance, nor had a biologically significant effect on stem freeze resistance.

scholarly journals Growth and Yield Response of Rodent Tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume) under Different Light Intensities and Concentrations of Paclobutrazol

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Noorwitri Utami ◽  
Lukita Devy ◽  
Arief Arianto
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Anticancer Treatment ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd) Blume) is one of the medicinal plants used for anticancer treatment, but the information on the cultivation of the plant is limited. The objectives of this research was to study the effect of light intensity and concentration level of paclobutrazol on growth and yield of rodent tuber. This research was conducted at Puspiptek Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia. This experiment arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plot is light intensity (35, 55, and 100%). The sub plot is concentration level of paclobutrazol (0, 50, 100, and 150 ppm). Paclobutrazol applied as soil drench at one month after planting. In each application 500 ml solution was used. Variables observed consisted of plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, leaf and tuber fresh weight; and leaf and tuber dry weight. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan Multiple Range test at 5%. The result showed that interaction between light intensity and paclobutrazol affected the whole observed variable. Dry weight of tuber under 35% light intensity was lower than those in other light intensity for all treatments of paclobutrazol. Full sunlight intensity showed better dry weight in all treatments of paclobutrazol. However the dry weight decreasing significantly at 150 ppm paclobutrazol, but still higher than those in 35% light intensity. Therefore, rodent tuber is better cultivated under full sunlight and 55% light intensity with 100 ppm paclobutrazol.

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