Short-term impact of a spruce budworm outbreak on a deer wintering area

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Potvin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Deer Population ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Wintering Areas ◽  
Wintering Area ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the current budworm outbreak on deer (Odocoileusvirginianusborealis Miller) was studied from 1972 to 1979 in a wintering area located at the northern extremity of Témiscouata Lake, Québec. This area encompassed 20 km2 and consisted mostly of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) and spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) stands which suffered high mortality in 1975. The proportion of coniferous cover dropped from 66 to 29% as a result of the outbreak. Nevertheless, the area occupied by deer and the deer population itself remained quite stable. Deer progressively deserted balsam fir - spruce stands and sought shelter in cedar (Thujaoccidentalis L.) stands that are well distributed throughout the study area. Elimination of balsam fir from the shrub layer of the more severely affected stands resulted in a loss of two-thirds of the browse biomass and invasion by raspberry (Rubusidaeus L.). Conversely, tree lichens on dead trees have become an important new food source. The impact of large-scale tree mortality by the budworm in wintering areas sharing the same ecological conditions may depend on the presence or absence of cedar stands as an alternative coniferous cover type.

Rate and causes of decline of mature and overmature balsam fir and spruce stands in New Brunswick, Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 2479-2490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Lesley Taylor ◽  
David A MacLean
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Insect Outbreak ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Species Groups

Data from 585 balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and spruce (Picea spp.) permanent sample plots (PSPs) >50 years old in New Brunswick, Canada, measured between 1987 and 1998, were used to quantify the timing, magnitude, and causes of decline in stand growth, measured as negative net volume increment. Plots were subdivided into classes based on species group, ecoregion, and volume-development pattern (decreasing, fluctuating, stable, or increasing volume with time). Decline began at an earlier age in balsam fir – spruce (BFSP) PSPs (~70 years old) than in spruce – balsam fir (SPBF) PSPs (~120 years). One-third of plots (29%) fell into the decreasing volume-development category. Variation in the proportion of decreasing plots occurred among ecoregions (range 0%–60%) and, to a lesser extent, among species groups (26%–33%). Decreasing BFSP plots exhibited double the rate of volume loss of their SPBF counterparts (–7.4 and –3.9 m3·ha–1·year–1, respectively). Decline was caused by an increased rate of mortality, which was highest in the decreasing volume-development classes (7.5 m3·ha–1·year–1) and lowest in the increasing volume-development classes (1.4 m3·ha–1·year–1). Growth of surviving trees remained relatively stable (2.5–4.2 m3·ha–1·year–1) among volume-development classes. Blowdown was the biggest cause of tree mortality, accounting for approximately 50% of dead trees in BFSP and SPBF plots. The rate of mortality was influenced by ecoregion, species, and the combined effect of previous insect-outbreak and wind disturbances.

Overburdened Gauls: the case of Florus and Sacrovir’s revolt of 21 CE

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared Kreiner
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Scale Resistance ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In 21 CE, a series of localized movements broke out in Gallia Comata due to heavy debts among provincials according to Tacitus. Modern scholars have long argued that the indebtedness occurred because of rising interest rates, resulting from dwindling currency in circulation after decades of free-spending following Augustus’ victory at Actium, and that Gallic communities were subjected to an additional tribute to support the wars of Germanicus (14–16 CE), which continued unabated after the wars and pushed Gauls beyond their means. These claims are misguided, however, in that there is no certain evidence of a special tax to support Germanicus’ wars and that the argument for a dwindling circulation of currency in Gaul falters under closer inspection. Rather, the pressing statal and military needs imposed on communities in Gallia Comata after 9 CE on top of routine exactions could significantly increase burden levels levied on provincial populations, thus contributing to rising debts. Through examining how Roman logistics and conscription operated in this period, it is possible to trace how populations were impacted by such demands and which communities were most heavily affected by them, too. Individually, the impact of each factor is unlikely to have been burdensome enough to have caused large-scale resistance, it is only the cumulative effect that these explanations had on top of routine Roman extraction schemes that could create the conditions for this revolt. This paper argues that in extraordinary circumstances, such as the period after the Varian Disaster for Gallia Comata, the costs of supporting military campaigns places real short-term strains on local economies, which creates the conditions for revolt. The benefit of this approach is that it may explain other episodes of anti-fiscal resistance that broke out during or within a decade of wars in neighboring regions.

Nutzung von Flexibilitätspotenzialen im Störungsmanagement*/Potentials of flexibility in the disruption management of large-scale product assembly

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (09) ◽  
pp. 631-636
Author(s):  
H. Prinzhorn ◽  
M. Zenker ◽  
R. Sporrer ◽  
P. Prof. Nyhuis
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Disruption Management ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Product Assembly ◽  
Term Response

Die hohe Störfanfälligkeit bei der Montage großskaliger Produkte verlangt eine kurzfristige Auswahl von Maßnahmen zur Reaktion auf Störungen, um Auswirkungen wie Lieferterminverspätungen oder Auslastungsverluste zu reduzieren. Die Nutzung von Flexibilitätspotenzialen eines Produktionssystems stellt einen Ansatz dar, um diese Herausforderung zu bewältigen. Dieser Fachbeitrag zeigt auf, welche Flexibilitätspotenziale in diesem speziellen Umfeld zur Verfügung stehen und genutzt werden können.   Assembling large-scale products involves frequent process interruptions why in order to reduce the impact of interruptions, a short-term response is necessary to reduce delivery delays and idle times of resources. An approach for challenge this represents the flexibility of a production system. Regarding the environment of large-scale product assembly, it has to be shown which potentials of flexibility are able to use in a short-term manner.

Housing Disinvestment and Crime in a Phoenix Suburb: Exploring the Differential Effects of Investors and Owner-Occupants

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa W. Chamberlain ◽  
Danielle Wallace ◽  
Deirdre Pfeiffer ◽  
Janne Gaub
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sociodemographic Data ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Home Sales ◽  
The Impact

External investment in neighborhoods can inhibit crime. However, during the housing crisis, many investors were foreclosed upon, triggering large-scale community disinvestment. Yet the impact of this type of disinvestment on crime is currently unknown. Combining data on crime incidents with foreclosure, home sales, and sociodemographic data, this research assesses whether the foreclosure of properties owned by investors has an effect on crime in neighborhoods in Chandler, Arizona, a suburb in the heavily affected Phoenix region. Neighborhoods with a greater proportion of foreclosures on investors (FOIs) have higher total and property crime rates in the short term. In Hispanic neighborhoods, a greater proportion of FOIs result in lower rates of crime. Results suggest that neighborhood stabilization efforts should consider the role of investors in driving short-term crime rates, and that police and code enforcement strategies might prioritize neighborhoods with a high proportion of investor foreclosures.

Effects of Spruce Budworm Outbreaks on the Productivity and Stability of Balsam Fir Forests

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Ecological Stability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Feasible Method ◽  
Human Usage

Effects of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks on the productivity and stability of forests in eastern Canada are reviewed and discussed. Defoliation results in reduced growth of trees, widespread tree mortality, and loss of wood production, and thereby causes major forest management problems. At present, the only feasible method for limiting damage and losses from budworm outbreaks over large areas is to apply chemical or biological insecticides periodically to kill larvae and protect the forest from defoliation and tree mortality. Although budworm outbreaks definitely disrupt the wood-producing capacity of forests (or the short-term "stability of forests for human usage"), in terms of overall ecological stability, outbreaks apparently act as a cycling mechanism that allows advance fir-spruce regeneration to succeed the fir-spruce overstory.

scholarly journals Boosting Career and Employability Outcomes Through Multiple Learning Abroad Experiences

2021 ◽  
pp. 102831532110527
Author(s):  
Davina Potts ◽  
Jeongeun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Career Outcomes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Large Scale Dataset ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Australian Universities

While participation in learning abroad has increased rapidly over the last decade, short-term programs played an important role in boosting participation and widening access to learning abroad. The current study takes advantage of a new pattern of participation in learning abroad to examine self-reported career outcomes and employability development benefits based on program duration and the number of programs undertaken. Using a large-scale dataset of graduates of Australian universities, the study challenges conventional wisdom that a longer experience is better and explores the impact of multiple short-term program participation as a new intervention in graduate career outcomes. Although this study is based on the Australian higher education context, the results may be informative to educators and policy-makers from countries with comparable learning abroad programs in considering how short-term programs can be used more purposefully to foster positive careers and employability outcomes.

scholarly journals Impact of cancer on short-term in-hospital mortality after primary acute myocardial infarction

Open Heart ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e001860
Author(s):  
Robert Zheng ◽  
Kenya Kusunose ◽  
Yuichiro Okushi ◽  
Yoshihiro Okayama ◽  
Michikazu Nakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Diagnosis Procedure Combination ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Cancer Group ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundCardiovascular diseases are the second most common cause of mortality among cancer survivors, after death from cancer. We sought to assess the impact of cancer on the short-term outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), by analysing data obtained from a large-scale database.MethodsThis study was based on the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database in the Japanese Registry of All Cardiac and Vascular Diseases and the Diagnosis Procedure Combination. We identified patients who were hospitalised for primary AMI between April 2012 and March 2017. Propensity Score (PS) was estimated with logistic regression model, with cancer as the dependent variable and 21 clinically relevant covariates. The main outcome was in-hospital mortality.ResultsWe split 1 52 208 patients into two groups with or without cancer. Patients with cancer tended to be older (cancer group 73±11 years vs non-cancer group 68±13 years) and had smaller body mass index (cancer group 22.8±3.6 vs non-cancer 23.9±4.3). More patients in the non-cancer group had hypertension or dyslipidaemia than their cancer group counterparts. The non-cancer group also had a higher rate of percutaneous coronary intervention (cancer 92.6% vs non-cancer 95.2%). Patients with cancer had a higher 30-day mortality (cancer 6.0% vs non-cancer 5.3%) and total mortality (cancer 8.1% vs non-cancer 6.1%) rate, but this was statistically insignificant after PS matching.ConclusionCancer did not significantly impact short-term in-hospital mortality rates after hospitalisation for primary AMI.

scholarly journals Contribution of hardwood trees to budworm – parasitoid food web dynamics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Greyson-Gaito ◽  
Sarah J. Dolson ◽  
Glen Forbes ◽  
Rosanna Lamb ◽  
Wayne E. MacKinnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Enemies Hypothesis ◽  
Hardwood Trees ◽  
Natural Enemies Hypothesis

A major pest of Atlantic forests is the spruce budworm caterpillar which outbreaks every 35 years and causes large scale tree mortality. Historically, budworm management has largely ignored other species in the food web. Broadening the focus could reduce budworm outbreaks while balancing the multiple demands on our forests. However, the food web surrounding budworm including other caterpillar species that are attacked by budworm parasitoids has been relatively undersampled and under-researched. Therefore, we tested two hypotheses: the alternating hardwood-softwood parasitoids hypothesis where parasitoids attack other caterpillars on hardwoods when budworm are rare and attack budworm on balsam fir or other softwoods when budworm are plentiful, and the mixed stands natural enemies hypothesis where stands with a mixture of softwood and hardwood trees harbour greater abundances and diversity of budworm parasitoids. We tested these hypotheses using stable isotope analysis of budworm parasitoids and through community analyses of parasitoids sampled along a hardwood gradient. We found indications that parasitoids do attack caterpillars on hardwoods and budworm on balsam fir, but found mixed results for the natural enemies hypothesis. Our study highlights the importance for budworm management of understanding the dynamics of the food web surrounding budworm.

scholarly journals The impact of digital technology use on adolescent well-being

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Impact

This review provides an overview of the literature regarding digital technology use and adolescent well-being. Overall, findings imply that the general effects are on the negative end of the spectrum but very small. Effects differ depending on the type of use: whereas procrastination and passive use are related to more negative effects, social and active use are related to more positive effects. Digital technology use has stronger effects on short-term markers of hedonic well-being (eg, negative affect) than long-term measures of eudaimonic well-being (eg, life satisfaction). Although adolescents are more vulnerable, effects are comparable for both adolescents and adults. It appears that both low and excessive use are related to decreased well-being, whereas moderate use is related to increased well-being. The current research still has many limitations: High-quality studies with large-scale samples, objective measures of digital technology use, and experience sampling of well-being are missing.

scholarly journals The impact of short-term incentives on physical activity in a UK behavioural incentives programme

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cother Hajat ◽  
Ali Hasan ◽  
Shaun Subel ◽  
Adam Noach
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Global Action ◽  
Physical Activity Recommendations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This observational study investigates whether the provision of ongoing short-term-incentives for verified physical activity increases and sustains levels of physical activity. We compared UK members at baseline (years 1 and 2) prior to Vitality’s Active Rewards (VAR) intervention commencing (year 3) and follow-up (year 4) for verified, self-reported (encompassing additional physical activities), mortality relative risk and satisfaction with physical activity. Members were categorised into low-active, medium-active and high-active by tertiles of baseline physical activity. Of 11,881 participants, 6477(54.5%) were male, with mean age 39.7(SD 9.8) years. At follow-up, annual active days had increased by 56% overall [60.8(59.7–61.9)–94.8(93.0–96.5)]; 554% in low-active [8.5(8.3–8.7)–47.1(44.7–49.5)]; 205% in medium-active [39.8(39.4–40.2)–81.4(78.7–84.1)] and 17% in high-active members [131.7(129.9–133.5)–153.7(150.7–156.7)] (all p < 0.001). Annual weeks of attaining international physical activity recommendations increased by 19% overall [22.2(42.8%)–26.4(50.8%)] and by 316% for low-active members [4.9(9.5%)–15.5(29.8%)]. Self-reported active minutes/week increased by 45% overall [1423(139.4–145.2)–207.0(201.8–212.3)] and 712% in low-active members [20.1(19.3–21.0)–143.2(134.6–151.9)]. Happiness with exercise levels also increased from 1985(49.4%) to 3414(84.9%) members (all p < 0.001). The relative risk of mortality from a lack of physical activity reduced by 7% for low-active members [from 0.99 to 0.92], 5% for medium-active [0.94–0.89] and 3% for high-active [0.89–0.86](p < 0.001) and by 0.02% for each additional year of age (p = 0.02). This large-scale, real-world, short-term-incentives intervention led to a dramatic increase in physical activity which was sustained for, and still increasing after, two years. If applied at broader level, this approach could considerably aid progress towards WHO targets in its Global Action Plan for Physical Activity.

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