Young-growth western hemlock stand infection by Heterobasidionannosum 11 yearsm after precommercial thinning

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Chavez Jr. ◽  
R. L. Edmonds ◽  
C. H. Driver
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Animal Damage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Young Growth

Infection level and course of spread of Heterobasidionannosum (Fr.) Bref, in a 26-year-old western hemlock(Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) stand, precommercially thinned 11 years previously, was determined. Impact of infection on height and radial growth of western hemlock was also examined. Tree infection increased from a mean of 8% initially, to an average of 90% in the residual trees. Stump colonization accounted for 61% of the tree infection by H.annosum, with stumps within 61 cm of the remaining trees providing most of the inoculum. The fungus also entered through animal damage wounds. Growth rate of H. annosum was estimated at 75 cm/year with a range of 23–128 cm/year. Although there was no significant difference between infected and uninfected trees in height or radial growth, infected trees had less height and slightly more radial growth than uninfected trees.

Measurement and simulation of dwarf mistletoe infection of second-growth western hemlock on southern Vancouver Island

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bloomberg ◽  
R. B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Infection Age ◽  
Second Growth

Infection of western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) residual overstory and second-growth understory by hemlock dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobiumtsugense (Rosendahl) G.N. Jones) was analyzed in seven plots on southern Vancouver Island. The number of infections in residual trees ranged from 373 to 4058 and in second-growth trees from 3 to 455. The number in second-growth trees was significantly correlated positively with dbh and tree height and inversely with height/dbh ratio. The percentage of crown length infected varied significantly among plots and was significantly correlated with the number of infections. Vertical distribution of infections in tree crowns did not conform to test distributions; distribution by infection age approximated the Poisson. The range in infection age varied according to height in green crown and length of green crown infected. Mortality of infections varied significantly among plots and was greatest in lower slope sites and least in a drier upper slope site. Proportion of dead infections was a function of height in crown and total length of green crown infected. Data suggest that infection level in second-growth trees was proportional to the number of residuals and was inversely related to percent nonhost species, stand density, and growth rate. The number of infections predicted by a simulation model averaged 107% of the number recorded in residual trees and 128% in second-growth trees. Curves of predicted vertical distribution of infections in crowns were of the same shape as those recorded in plot sample trees. The predicted average age-class distribution of infections approximated Poisson distribution within the same probability range as recorded in plot sample trees. The predicted average dbh of residual and second-growth trees were 90 and 97%, respectively, of the recorded values; predicted average heights were 115 and 101%, respectively, of recorded values. Infection predicted by the model over a range of hypothetical stand, site, and infection conditions was used to elucidate major epidemiological factors that might bear on silvieultural control. Results confirmed the observed effects of number of residuals, stand composition, growth rate, and stand density on infections.

Wood density of young-growth western hemlock: relation to ring age, radial growth, stand density, and site quality

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 2433-2442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean S DeBell ◽  
Ryan Singleton ◽  
Barbara L Gartner ◽  
David D Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Site Class ◽  
Ring Density ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Young Growth

Breast-high stem sections were sampled from 56 western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) trees growing in 15 plots representing a wide range of tree and site conditions in northwestern Oregon. Growth and wood density traits of individual rings were measured via X-ray densitometry, and relationships of ring density and its components to age and growth rate were analyzed. Ring density was highest (0.49 g/cm3) near the pith, declined to 0.40 g/cm3 at age 10, remained stable to about age 25, and then increased gradually and remained between 0.43 and 0.44 g/cm3 from age 38 to 45 and beyond. A negative influence of rapid growth on whole ring density was greatest at young ages and diminished with time, becoming nonsignificant beyond age 30. Earlywood density, latewood density, and latewood proportion were all negatively related to ring width at young ages, but by age 21-25, latewood proportion was the only component of ring density that remained significantly diminished by increased growth rate. Residual differences in wood density (after age and growth rate were considered) did not appear to be related to either stand density or site class. Overall, young-growth hemlock trees are relatively uniform in wood density and likely to be more so if grown in intensively managed stands.

 The Effect of a Pine Looper Moth Outbreak on the Radial Growth Rate of Pine

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 754-760
Author(s):  
V. G. Soukhovolsky ◽  
P. A. Krasnoperova ◽  
E. N. Pal’nikova ◽  
I. V. Sviderskaya ◽  
O. V. Tarasova
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Radial Growth Rate

scholarly journals Assessment of the Growth and Reproductive Performance of Cloned Pietrain Boars

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2053
Author(s):  
Junsong Shi ◽  
Baohua Tan ◽  
Lvhua Luo ◽  
Zicong Li ◽  
Linjun Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
F1 Progeny

How to maximize the use of the genetic merits of the high-ranking boars (also called superior ones) is a considerable question in the pig breeding industry, considering the money and time spent on selection. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is one of the potential ways to answer the question, which can be applied to produce clones with genetic resources of superior boar for the production of commercial pigs. For practical application, it is essential to investigate whether the clones and their progeny keep behaving better than the “normal boars”, considering that in vitro culture and transfer manipulation would cause a series of harmful effects to the development of clones. In this study, 59,061 cloned embryos were transferred into 250 recipient sows to produce the clones of superior Pietrain boars. The growth performance of 12 clones and 36 non-clones and the semen quality of 19 clones and 28 non-clones were compared. The reproductive performance of 21 clones and 25 non-clones were also tested. Furthermore, we made a comparison in the growth performance between 466 progeny of the clones and 822 progeny of the non-clones. Our results showed that no significant difference in semen quality and reproductive performance was observed between the clones and the non-clones, although the clones grew slower and exhibited smaller body size than the non-clones. The F1 progeny of the clones showed a greater growth rate than the non-clones. Our results demonstrated through the large animal population showed that SCNT manipulation resulted in a low growth rate and small body size, but the clones could normally produce F1 progeny with excellent growth traits to bring more economic benefits. Therefore, SCNT could be effective in enlarging the merit genetics of the superior boars and increasing the economic benefits in pig reproduction and breeding.

scholarly journals In Vivo Radioprotective Activity of Cell-Permeable Bifunctional Antioxidant Enzyme GST-TAT-SOD against Whole-Body Ionizing Irradiation in Mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianru Pan ◽  
Huocong He ◽  
Ying Su ◽  
Guangjin Zheng ◽  
Junxin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Radioprotective Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wbc Count

GST-TAT-SOD was the fusion of superoxide dismutase (SOD), cell-permeable peptide TAT, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). It was proved to be a potential selective radioprotector in vitro in our previous work. This study evaluated the in vivo radioprotective activity of GST-TAT-SOD against whole-body irradiation. We demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml GST-TAT-SOD (2 kU/ml) 2 h before the 6 Gy whole-body irradiation in mice almost completely prevented the splenic damage. It could significantly enhance the splenic antioxidant activity which kept the number of splenic white pulp and consequently resisted the shrinkage of the spleen. Moreover, the thymus index, hepatic antioxidant activity, and white blood cell (WBC) count of peripheral blood in irradiated mice pretreated with GST-TAT-SOD also remarkably increased. Although the treated and untreated irradiated mice showed no significant difference in the growth rate of animal body weight at 7 days postirradiation, the highest growth rate of body weight was observed in the GST-TAT-SOD-pretreated group. Furthermore, GST-TAT-SOD pretreatment increased resistance against 8 Gy whole-body irradiation and enhanced 30 d survival. The overall effect of GST-TAT-SOD seemed to be a bit more powerful than that of amifostine. In conclusion, GST-TAT-SOD would be a safe and potentially promising radioprotector.

GrowFruit: An IoT based Radial Growth Rate Monitoring Device for Fruit

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Anirbit Sengupta ◽  
Anwesha Mukherjee ◽  
Abhijit Das ◽  
Debashis De
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Monitoring Device ◽  
Radial Growth Rate

Modeling specific gravity and diameter inside bark of western hemlock and Sitka spruce growing in southeast Alaska

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Dahlen ◽  
David Auty ◽  
Eini C. Lowell
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Cambial Age ◽  
Young Growth

Western hemlock and Sitka spruce are two commercially important species in Alaska with harvests beginning to focus on naturally regenerated young-growth. We developed within-tree models of ring specific gravity (SG) and diameter inside bark (DIB) for young-growth western hemlock and Sitka spruce. Eight even-aged stands (age < 75 years) in southeast Alaska were felled and disks collected from multiple height levels; 128 trees and 451 disks were collected for western hemlock, and 217 trees and 952 disks were collected for Sitka spruce. Radial strips were prepared and scanned using X-ray densitometry. We fitted non-linear mixed-effects models to the data, with cambial age, height within tree, and dominance class used as explanatory variables. The R2 values (fixed effects only) for the SG models were 0.48 and 0.42 for western hemlock and Sitka spruce, respectively. The corresponding fit indices for the DIB models were 0.86 and 0.85 percent for western hemlock and Sitka spruce, respectively. Tree maps depicting the within tree variation in SG showed more variability in Sitka spruce than in western hemlock. The wood and growth properties of young-growth trees in Alaska will continue to become more important as the U.S. Forest Service transitions away from harvesting old-growth trees.

A comparative study on the nursery culture of hatchery-reared sub-adult cupped oyster, Crassostrea iredalei (Faustino, 1932), in an earthen pond and a mangrove canal

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-222
Author(s):  
Premwadee Chueachat ◽  
Woraporn Tarangkoon ◽  
Suwat Tanyaros
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Nursery Culture ◽  
Absolute Growth Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adult Oyster ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
The Mean

Abstract A comparative study on the nursery culture of the spat of the tropical oyster, Crassostrea iredalei, in an earthen pond and a mangrove canal was conducted over two months. The results revealed no differences in the absolute growth rate determined by shell width between the two culture sites (P < 0.05). Sub-adult oysters cultured in the mangrove canal showed a higher absolute growth rate in shell length and a higher daily growth rate than the oysters cultured in the earthen pond (P < 0.05). The mean survival rate of sub-adult oysters cultured in the earthen pond (99.8 ± 0.2%) was significantly higher than for those cultured in the mangrove canal (66.7 ± 31.4%). Decreased density from the loss of sub-adult oyster nursery culture in the mangrove canal led to higher growth performance than in the earthen pond. However, no difference was found for the fraction of oysters larger or smaller than 5 cm for the two culture sites (P < 0.05). A significant difference was noted in the Condition Index (CI) between the two culture sites (P < 0.05). The high primary productivity in mangroves is a major supporter of higher CI in sub-adult oysters cultured in mangrove canals versus in earthen ponds. Water exchange in the earthen pond to maintain calcium and magnesium concentrations resulted in no differences in the shell compressibility of sub-adult oysters compared with those cultured in the mangrove canal.

scholarly journals Growth of Microcystis strains isolated from environments with the presence and absence of submerged macrophytes in coexistence with Ceratophyllum demersum

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e57734
Author(s):  
Rafael Henrique de Moura-Falcão ◽  
Ariadne do Nascimento Moura ◽  
Cihelio Alves Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Submerged Macrophytes ◽  
T Test ◽  
Submerged Macrophyte ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Growth Delay ◽  
Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
And Control

Cyanobacterial blooms can cause severe ecological and health problems in drinking water reservoirs. To alleviate this problem, allelopathically active submerged macrophytes can be used to reduce cyanobacterial growth. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of strains of the Microcystis aeruginosa complex isolated from reservoirs with the presence and absence of submerged macrophytes to the allelochemicals of Ceratophyllum demersum. A coexistence experiment was carried out between the submerged macrophyte C. demersum and four Microcystis strains, with two treatments for each strain, one in coexistence with the submerged macrophyte (7 g L-1) and control (in the absence of the macrophyte). Two strains of M. aeruginosa (BMIUFRPE-06 and BMIUFRPE-07) and two of M. panniformis (BMIUFRPE-08 and BMIUFRPE-09) were used, which were isolated from Cajueiro (with submerged macrophytes) and Tapacurá (without submerged macrophytes) reservoirs, respectively. The biomass of Microcystis strains from the reservoir without macrophytes (BMIUFRPE-08 and BMIUFRPE-09) was significantly inhibited in 96% (T-test: p < 0.01) and 74% (T-test: p< 0.05), when compared to the control, respectively, with lower values of growth rates (ANOVA: p < 0.05). The strains isolated from the reservoir with macrophytes (BMIUFRPE-06 and BMIUFRPE-07) showed a growth delay (biomass reductions of 44 and 58%, respectively) in the coexistence treatment but without significant difference from the control on the sixth day of the experiment (biomass - T-test: p > 0.05; growth rate - ANOVA: p > 0.05). These results suggest that strains isolated from environments with submerged macrophytes are less sensitive to allelochemicals of these plants, as these strains may be adapted to the coexistence with submerged macrophytes.

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