Annual cycle of shoot development in sugar maple

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Terminal Buds

Cytohistology and the development and morphogenesis of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) shoots were studied. Three types were recognized: short shoots, long shoots entirely preformed in the bud (Epf long), and long shoots partially preformed in the bud (heterophyllous). The three shoot types varied not only in the size and number of internodes and leaves but also in the development of terminal buds. Terminal bud formation was delayed in heterophyllous shoots but because of a shorter plastochron, which extended later into the growing season, the terminal apices of these shoots were able to annually produce more primordia than in other shoot types. The beginning of embryonic shoot formation, however, began about the same time (late July) for all shoot types.

Origin of the summer shoot of pinyon pines

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1759-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Lanner
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Development ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Dormant Bud ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Lateral Branches

Shoot development in pines is usually a two-stage process, with buds formed in the summer and elongation delayed until the next spring. Summer shoots have been described which originate by precocious elongation of a bud, a process which may or may not be followed by organization of a new dormant bud. However, in several of the pinyon pines, and perhaps in other soft pines as well, summer shoots are formed without having first been present as a bud. These summer shoots are composed partially of internodes associated with terminal bud scales of the previous year, but mainly of internodes initiated and elongated concurrently in the spring and summer. The major lateral branches of the complex shoot have their origin in the summer shoots, laterals of the spring shoot apparently being inhibited. Short shoots and long shoots of the summer shoot have developmental schedules that contrast with those of the spring shoot.

Allongement et morphologie de pousses annuelles issues de greffe chez le noyer commun, Juglans regia L. cv. Lara (Juglandaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1595-1603
Author(s):  
Sylvie Sabatier ◽  
Daniel Barthélémy ◽  
Isabelle Ducousso ◽  
Eric Germain
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Median Part ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Internodes ◽  
Short Shoots

Extension growth, number of internodes of the main stem, and sylleptic branches were recorded weekly during the 1994 growing season on 1-year-old Juglans regia L. cv. Lara scions. Date of sylleptic branch production and branch position on the main stem were also recorded. Two main stem types were distinguished according to their growth pattern: continuous or rhythmic over one growing season. Three sylleptic branch types were distinguished in relation with their growth pattern and morphology: (i) long shoots elongated in two growth flushes that showed a zone of short internodes above the first internode or hypopodium, (ii) long shoots elongated in one flush only with long internodes above the hypopodium, and (iii) short shoots corresponding with the elongated hypopodium only. Each type of sylleptic shoot is generally produced at a different growth period. Main stems developed sylleptic branches when their growth rate was higher than 17 cm/week. On the median part of the main stem, sylleptic long shoots were distributed according to a basipetal gradient of increasing vigour (extension duration, length, and number of internodes). Sylleptic short shoots were generally localized above long shoots.

The influence of neighbours on the growth of trees II. The fate of buds on long and short shoots in Betula pendula

1987 ◽  
Vol 232 (1266) ◽  
pp. 19-33 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Individual Trees

In Betula pendula buds are produced on long and on short shoots. The long shoots bear many daughter buds on elongated internodes and they con­tribute overwhelmingly to the increase in the size of the tree and to its architecture. Short shoots normally bear only one bud and at best only replace themselves each year in the shoot population. Individual trees were grown close together in groups of three so that each experienced interference from neighbours on one side and not on the other. A lower proportion of buds in the high-interference zone developed into long shoots in the second and third years of the three-year experiment and a lower proportion survived to the end of the growing season in year 2. The overall proportion of buds that died was greater in the high-interference zone. The influence of neighbours became more marked as branches aged and were overtopped in the canopy. This led to asymmetry in the form of the trees. The different sides of a single tree in this study may approach the form of an open-grown individual on one side and that of a forest tree on the other.

An architectural analysis of Shepherdia canadensis and Shepherdia argentea: patterns of shoot development

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1870-1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Hayes ◽  
T. A. Steeves ◽  
B. R. Neal
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Internodal Length ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Shepherdia Canadensis

In the context of an architectural analysis, the seasonal pattern of shoot development of Shepherdia canadensis and S. argentea (Elaeagnaceae) was examined. In both species floral bud burst was the first outward manifestation of seasonal activity. Vegetative shoots of S. canadensis expanded 3 – 5 pairs of preformed leaves during a period of 9 – 10 weeks. There was no pattern of internodal length that identified annual increments. In S. argentea, 6 – 18 pairs of leaves expanded during a period of 15 – 17 weeks, the variation being related to the extent of neoformation. There was a distinct pattern of internodal length, with a maximum in midseason, so that annual increments could be recognized subsequently. Lateral buds in S. canadensis expanded only proleptically as either short shoots or long shoots. Most had declining growth rates in the subsequent year and within 5 to 7 years had undergone abscission. In S. argentea. lateral buds expanded both sylleptically and proleptically as short shoots, long shoots, or thorns. The distribution pattern of these lateral types was related to the vigour of parent shoot growth. Some abscission of short shoots was noted. For each species a stochastic flow chart of shoot development was prepared and a computer program incorporating actual data was written that simulated shoot development for up to four generations of growth. Comparison of the two species indicates that S. argentea is more plastic in response to environmental conditions.

Timing of defoliation and its effect on bud development, starch reserves, and sap sugar concentration in sugar maple

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Gregory ◽  
Philip M. Wargo
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
And Control

Sapling sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) trees were defoliated artificially at 10-day intervals beginning May 27 and ending August 5, 1981. Refoliation, terminal bud and shoot development, and xylem starch and sap sugar concentration were observed in defoliated and control trees. All defoliated trees refoliated, but decreasingly with later defoliation. Defoliation caused an acceleration in the rate of primordia initiation in terminal shoot apices. After early season defoliations, the developing buds in the axils of the removed leaves abscissed, but axillary and terminal buds on the refoliated terminal shoots survived through winter. In late season defoliation, most buds of refoliated shoots did not survive and the next year's growth depended on axillary buds formed prior to defoliation. Thus, when progressing from early to late defoliations, the next year's shoot growth depended decreasingly on the last-formed and increasingly on the first-formed portions of the previous year's shoot. Early October starch concentration in xylem decreased with later defoliation and was nearly absent in shoots and roots of trees defoliated in late July. There was not, however, a corresponding decrease in sap sugar concentration. Mortality occurred only in late defoliated trees and was associated with starch depletion.

Syllepsis in Larixlaricina: analysis of tree leaders with and without sylleptic long shoots

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Lateral Axis

Nonsylleptic and lightly, moderately, and heavily sylleptic leaders with 0 and 1–8, 9–17, and 18–38 sylleptic long shoots, respectively, were cut from 8-year-old Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch trees. The leaders showed considerable crookedness but degrees of crookedness were not significantly different among leader classes. Leaders of all classes bore sylleptic short shoots. These sylleptic short shoots were largest at midleader locations and larger on leaders with sylleptic long shoots than on nonsylleptic leaders. The terminal buds on many sylleptic short shoots were of long-shoot type. Some sylleptic short shoots with such buds occurred in mid- and proximal-leader positions, whereas lateral buds of the long-shoot type occurred only in distal-leader positions. Sylleptic long and short shoots greatly increased the numbers of leaves on the leaders. This leaf increase occurred principally on the proximal halves of the leaders where leader diameters also increased. Larger amounts of xylem accounted for most of the diameter increases. Subtending leaf to lateral axis distances increased acropetally among lateral buds and sylleptic shoots, but for the latter, these distances were greatest in the middle parts of the respective zones of occurrence. The large variety of developmental pathways for lateral axes on leaders was discussed.

scholarly journals Nutrient Accumulation and Flower Bud Formation Affected by the Time of Terminal Bud Set on Water Sprouts of Persimmon

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong-Tae Choi ◽  
Doo-Sang Park ◽  
Seong-Mo Kang
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Bud Set ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Flower Bud Formation ◽  
Terminal Buds

Heavy pruning to lower tree height of persimmon results in excessive production of water sprouts and reduced yield. This experiment was conducted on ‘Fuyu’ (Diospyros kaki) trees to assess if the time for terminal bud set of water sprouts affected flower bud formation. Some sprouts were not pruned to serve as fruiting branches for the next season. Thirty to 40 water sprouts were tagged in 2005 and 2006, the growth of which stopped from mid-June to late August. The later terminal buds set, the lower the percent dry weight in the apical 10 cm. The apical segments of sprouts that continued to grow to mid- to late August were characterized by low soluble sugars, starch, and inorganic elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) compared with those that set terminal buds earlier. The number of flower buds from the water sprouts that set terminal buds by early August the previous year bore more than 12 flower buds the next year, whereas those that grew to mid- to late August bore fewer than three. It was concluded that water sprouts could be used as fruiting branches for the next year as long as terminal buds set by early August, thereby alleviating yield reductions that come with heavy pruning.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: III. THE TIME SCALE OF MORPHOGENESIS AT THE STEM APEX OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Duff ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Future Work

The main shoot apex of P. resinosa is found to comprise four groups of meristematic cells constituting four generative centers by which the parts of the winter terminal bud are laid down. These are the superficial initiating cells, the group or zone of subapical mother cells, the zone of pith mother cells, and the flanking cells.The superficial primordia of the terminal winter bud pass the winter as secondary lateral budlets on the flanks of the main bud axis. Those of the leaf-bearing short shoots do not normally differentiate leaves until the following spring. Neither do those which develop into lateral long shoots. The fertile budlets, on the contrary, produce cones in the late summer and autumn. The female cone enters the winter with no tissue differentiation of the cone body. This takes place very slowly but prominently in the course of the winter. The male inflorescence is well advanced in the autumn and winter progress is relatively slight.The natural control of morphogenesis at the shoot apex including the fitful seeding habit of P. resinosa is considered in the light of the growth timetable. To explain its mechanism, a working hypothesis involving production, consumption, and concentration of auxins is advanced as a preliminary to future work.

scholarly journals In vitro shoot induction and multiplication from nodal segments of adult Ginkgo biloba plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilton César Mantovani ◽  
Magali F Grando ◽  
Aloisio Xavier ◽  
Wagner C Otoni
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Multiple Shoots ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Nodal Segments ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Adult Plants

The in vitro performance of herbaceous and woody nodal segments from adult plants and the effect of hydrolyzed casein (HC 500 mg L-1), kinetin (KIN; 6-furfurylaminopurine 0.46 and 4.65 µM) and activated charcoal (AC 1.5 g L-1) were evaluated upon new shoots induction and development, and to establish a system of in vitro propagation from adult plants of Ginkgo biloba. Woody nodal segments did not produce axillary shoots and presented 100% of bacterial and fungal contamination in culture. However, nodal segments from herbaceous shoots were successfully disinfected and displayed high in vitro morphogenic capacity. The HC was essential for the axillary shoots induction and further multiplication, stimulating shoot formation in 85% of the cultured nodal segments and multiple shoots induction in 35% of them at establishment stage. During the multiplication stage, 66.6% of propagules formed new shoots and 33.3% of them formed multiple shoots when cultured with HC. The KIN and AC inhibited the organogenic process in ginkgo. Two distinct patterns of sprouts development were observed in vitro, similar to what occurs in vivo: 1) short shoots with crowded internodes and expansion of only a few leaves and slow growth; 2) long shoots with separated nodes and marked apical growth. This is the first report of multiple shoots in vitro formation in nodal segments obtained from adult plants of Ginkgo biloba.

Regulation of cell reproduction in bud meristems of Tradescantia paludosa

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1137-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyu-Byung Yun ◽  
J. M. Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Apparent Absence ◽  
Cell Reproduction ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Regulation Of Growth ◽  
Tradescantia Paludosa

The mitotic cycle can be arrested in the apical summit of vegetative terminal buds of Tradescantia paludosa by restricting the level of nitrogen or light available to the plant. Cells in this portion of the bud are much more sensitive to these stress conditions than those in the subjacent portion of the meristem. This differential response induced the establishment of a quiescent "central zone" which is distinguished from the rest of the meristem by the apparent absence of mitosis and DNA synthesis, larger nuclear volume, and a lower histone content of chromatin. These features are identical with those imposed by apical dominance in apices of inhibited lateral buds.The results support the view that competition for nutrients is an important causal factor in apical dominance. They suggest also that competition for nutrients within the terminal bud meristem is important in the regulation of growth in vegetative shoots in respones to conditions of the environment.

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