Effects of cutting intensity, deer browsing, and liming on Allegheny hardwood tree regeneration

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-368
Author(s):  
J. R. McClenahen ◽  
R. J. Hutnik
Keyword(s):  
Height Growth ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Hardwood Tree ◽  
Cutting Intensity ◽  
Nonsignificant Effect ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Survival, height growth, and abundance of Prunusserotina Ehrh. and other species of tree reproduction were studied during two growing seasons after the trees were cut to residual basal areas of 0 (clear-cut), 16 (partial cut), and 28 (uncut) m2/ha. Portions of each cutting treatment were fenced to exclude deer and (or) amended with 0.91 t/ha of dolomitic limestone. Survival of advance P. serotina seedlings was best among initially older, taller stems. Mortality among 1st-year P. serotina seedlings was higher on clear-cut and uncut plots than on partially cut plots, but cutting had no effect on survival of seedlings older than 2 years. Acersaccharum Marsh, survival was poorest on clear-cuttings. The intermediate level of cutting initially favored a greater abundance of more species than either clear-cutting or no cutting. Rates of height growth of dominant P. serotina seedlings were greatest on clear-cuttings, less on partially cut plots, and lowest in uncut plots. Browsing by deer had a large but statistically nonsignificant effect on height of dominant reproduction after 6 years. Slash generally reduced abundance but enhanced height growth of seedlings. Overall, partial (shelterwood) cutting appeared to be a viable alternative to clear-cutting as a means for regenerating even-aged Allegheny hardwood stands.

Bulldozing stumps and nitrogen fertilization affect growth of Douglas-fir seedlings

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Thies ◽  
E. E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Olympic Peninsula ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Eight treatments involving stump removal by bulldozing in combination with nitrogen fertilization were applied to 0.04-ha circular plots in a clear-cut on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Treatments included stump removal (either all stumps removed or the plot left undisturbed) and broadcast fertilization with ammonium nitrate (0, 336, 672, or 1345 kg N ha−1). Diameter at breast height and height of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings, planted several months after treatment, were recorded five and eight seasons after outplanting. The results showed that either bulldozing stumps from the site or fertilizing with ammonium nitrate increased growth of seedlings through their eighth growing season. After eight growing seasons, bulldozing had increased seedling height by 23% and diameter at breast height by 43%; fertilizing produced increases of 13% in height and 17% in diameter at breast height.

A comparison of mature with recently clear-cut and scarified lodgepole pine forests in the Lower Foothills of Alberta

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G. W. Corns ◽  
George H. La Roi
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Dwarf Shrub ◽  
Shrub Cover ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Feather Moss ◽  
Gravimetric Sampling

Mature, even-aged lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var latifolia Engelm.) forests on upland sites with Orthic Gray Luvisols in the Lower Foothills of Alberta have been clear-cut for pulpwood and scarified by bulldozer since 1958. Undisturbed stands had weak shrub strata, well developed herb – dwarf shrub strata, and continuous feather moss strata.In 25 clear-cut stands 6–12 years old, the average cover of vascular plants was 54% and did not change significantly during the sampled age interval. Cover of tree 'regeneration' (immature size classes) was 5%, increasing slowly, and codominated by lodgepole pine and aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.). Shrub cover was also 5% and dominated by prickly rose (Rosaacicularis Lindl.). Herb – dwarf shrub cover was 44% and dominated by nine species of the mature forest. Bryoid cover was 13 %.The density of young trees stabilized within 6 years after clear-cutting, and the above-ground biomass of both pine and aspen increased rapidly during the sampled age interval.An ordination of the clear-cut stands showed that the distribution and abundance of several important plant species were well correlated with soil moisture on two gravimetric sampling dates in summer.A comparison of dominance–diversity curves and indices for mature and clear-cut stands revealed that the clear-cut community was richer in vascular species (100 cf. 57) and had a more even distribution of cover among species.The early stages of secondary succession after clear-cutting and scarification of lodgepole pine forest are discussed.

Survival and Growth of Douglas-Fir Seedlings with Spot-Spraying, Mulching and Root-Dipping

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Hsiung Tung ◽  
Jim Batdorff ◽  
David R. DeYoe
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Abstract Two vegetation management methods, paper mulching and spot-spraying with glyphosate, were combined with a root-dipping treatment, Terra Sorb®, to test effects on seedling survival and height growth on a harsh site in Oregon. Survival of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was significantly higher after the third growing season when competing vegetation had been controlled with mulch or glyphosate during the first two growing seasons. Seedlings retreated with paper mulch and glyphosate before the second growing season had 36 and 25% higher survival than those that were not retreated. None of the seedlings was retreated before the third season; after this season, survival of seedlings treated twice with glyphosate was 26, 23, and 21% higher than seedlings receiving one glyphosate treatment and one or two mulch applications, respectively. There were no differences in seedling height growth among treatments. Rootdipping with Terra Sorb® did not influence survival or growth. West. J. Appl. For. 1:108-111 Oct. 86.

Regeneration development under shelterwoods in a lowland red spruce – balsam fir stand

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pothier ◽  
Marcel Prévost
Keyword(s):  
Light Availability ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Cutting Intensity ◽  
Final Harvest

The shelterwood system can be used to establish regeneration and to improve the growing conditions of seedlings and, thereby, increase their probability of survival after final harvest. To determine the cutting intensity that best promotes the development of red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.) regeneration, an experiment, including four repetitions of five treatments (control; low, moderate, and heavy partial cuttings; and clear-cutting), was established in a lowland stand in Quebec, Canada, dominated by red spruce and balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.). Regeneration development responses to treatments varied according to cutting intensity, species, and position relative to the skidding trails in the residual stands. Ten years after treatment, red spruce seedlings were well established but were smaller than those of balsam fir and deciduous species. Red spruce seedling height was generally greater in partial-cut skidding trails, as was light availability. However, in clearcuts, the size of red spruce seedlings established in skidding trails seemed to be negatively affected by the considerable quantity of woody debris strewn over them. Among the partial-cut treatments, tree regeneration leaf biomass was the highest where 60% of the initial basal area was removed. Thus, this treatment is an attractive alternative to clear-cutting in such lowland stands where watering-up is anticipated after final harvest.

The adjustment of growth, sapwood area, heartwood area, and sapwood saturated permeability of balsam fir after different intensities of pruning

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hank A. Margolis ◽  
Robert R. Gagnon ◽  
David Pothier ◽  
Marius Pineau
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Basal Area Growth ◽  
Area Growth

Balsam fir trees established from advanced regeneration following a clear-cut in 1970 were pruned in June 1985 to live crown ratios of 0.6, 0.4, and 0.2 compared with control trees, which had live crown ratios of 0.8. After two growing seasons, we investigated the homeostatic adjustment of these trees to the loss of their foliage. The height growth, basal area growth, sapwood cross-sectional area, heartwood area, and sapwood saturated permeability of the trees that were pruned to a 0.6 live crown ratio were not significantly different from those of the controls. On the other hand, height growth increment following pruning was reduced 16.7 cm (23%) and 19.5 cm (27%) for the trees pruned to 0.4 and 0.2 live crown ratios, respectively. Furthermore, basal area growth following pruning was reduced 3.2 cm2 (30%) and 6.5 cm2 (61%), respectively. While trees in both the 0.4 and 0.2 live crown ratio pruning treatments did adjust their breast height sapwood area in response to the removal of foliage, the nature of this adjustment differed between the two treatments. For the trees with the 0.4 live crown ratio, sapwood area was reduced because of a reduction in basal area growth but the area of heartwood remained unchanged. For the trees with the 0.2 live crown ratio, the changes in sapwood area were due both to a reduction in basal area growth and an expansion of the heartwood. The saturated permeability of sapwood was not significantly affected by pruning. The adaptive implications of balsam fir's response to the loss of foliage are discussed in terms of the optimizing the allocation of a limited amount of available carbon.

scholarly journals Four Site-Preparation Techniques for Regenerating Pine-Hardwood Mixtures in the Piedmont

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Waldrop
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Abstract Four variations of the fell-and-burn technique, a system developed to produce mixed pine-hardwood stands in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, were compared in the Piedmont region. All variations of this technique successfully improved the commercial value of low-quality hardwood stands by introducing a pine component. After six growing seasons, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) occupied the dominant crown position and oaks the codominant position in fell-and-burn treated stands on poor to medium quality sites. The precise timing of felling residual stems, as prescribed by the fell-and-burn technique, may be flexible because winter and spring felling produced similar results. Although summer site preparation burns reduced hardwood height growth by reducing the length of the first growing season, they did not improve pine survival or growth. Pines were as tall as hardwoods within four growing seasons in burned plots and within six growing seasons in unburned plots. Additional research is needed to determine the level or intensity of site preparation needed to establish pine-hardwood mixtures over a range of site conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):116-122.

DEVELOPMENT OF A WHITE PINE UNDERPLANTATION IN THINNED AND UNTHINNED ASPEN

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Clements
Keyword(s):  
High Mortality ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

In 1936, part of a dense 12-year-old aspen sucker stand was thinned. In the following year thinned and unthinned portions of the stand were underplanted with 2-2 white pine stock.By 1950, most seedlings were still small and slow-growing. Mortality among these individuals was high in the following 10 years but mortality was fairly light among seedlings of taller height classes. Height growth of seedlings continued to be poor so long as the crowns were below the shrub layer.White pine planted beneath young aspen stands require care at least until they are about 4 feet tall, especially on moist sites. The underbrush must be controlled, otherwise excessively high mortality and poor growth of the survivors will result.

Development patterns in two hemlock–hardwood stands in southern New England

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kelty
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Constant Rate

Two forest stands, composed primarily of northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr.), were studied by stand-reconstruction techniques to determine the pattern of development of canopy structure. One stand had originated following clear-cutting 87 years ago; the other, following catastrophic windthrow 44 years ago. Juvenile height growth of the hardwood species was much greater than that of hemlock and a stratified canopy developed by age 30 years, with hardwoods forming an overstory canopy above hemlock. Hemlocks maintained overstory positions only if they were 3 m or more in height immediately following canopy disturbance. In the older stand, hardwood height growth was about twice that of the tallest understory hemlocks during the first 30 years. The hardwood overstory slowed after that and grew at the same rate as the tallest understory hemlocks, which maintained a constant rate of height growth, and a constant to accelerating rate of basal area growth for much of the 87-year measurement period. The height growth of the tallest understory hemlocks was apparently limited in part by breakage of terminal shoots, caused by abrasion against branches of overstory hardwood crowns.

Changes in small mammal communities after logging in north-central Ontario

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 970-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur M. Martell
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
North Central ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Small Mammal Community ◽  
Small Mammal Communities ◽  
Mammal Community ◽  
Mammal Communities

Changes in small mammal communities following logging were monitored in clear-cut and strip-cut upland black spruce (Picea mariana) stands and in selectively cut mixed wood stands in north-central Ontario. Clear-cutting and subsequent scarification essentially eliminated the vegetative cover. Much of the ground cover recovered within 5 years and shrubs within 12 years, but mosses and lichens took much longer. The small mammal community in both clear-cut and strip-cut stands changed over the first three years after logging from one dominated by southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) to one dominated by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and then remained relatively stable for up to 13 years after harvest. That shift was not apparent in selectively cut mixed wood stands where the composition of the small mammal community was similar between uncut stands and stands 4–23 years after harvest. There was relatively little change in total numbers of small mammals after logging. In general, the diversity and evenness of small mammals increased or remained stable in the first 1–3 years following harvest, decreased on older (3–16 years) cuts, and then increased to values similar to those in uncut stands on the oldest (19–23 years) cuts.

scholarly journals Natural Regeneration of the Tree Stand in the Bilberry Spruce Forest—Clear-Cutting Ecotone Complex in the First Post-Logging Decade

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1542
Author(s):  
Nadezhda V. Genikova ◽  
Viktor N. Mamontov ◽  
Alexander M. Kryshen ◽  
Vladimir A. Kharitonov ◽  
Sergey A. Moshnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting

Bilberry spruce forests are the most widespread forest type in the European boreal zone. Limiting the clear-cuttings size leads to fragmentation of forest cover and the appearance of large areas of ecotone complexes, composed of forest (F), a transition from forest to the cut-over site under tree canopy (FE), a transition from forest to the cut-over site beyond tree canopy (CE), and the actual clear-cut site (C). Natural regeneration of woody species (spruce, birch, rowan) in the bilberry spruce stand—clear-cut ecotone complex was studied during the first decade after logging. The effects produced by the time since cutting, forest edge aspect, and the ground cover on the emergence and growth of trees and shrubs under forest canopy and openly in the clear-cut were investigated. Estimating the amount and size of different species in the regeneration showed FE and CE width to be 8 m—roughly half the height of first-story trees. Typical forest conditions (F) feature a relatively small amount of regenerating spruce and birch. The most favorable conditions for natural regeneration of spruce in the clear-cut—mature bilberry spruce stand ecotone are at the forest edge in areas of transition both towards the forest and towards the clear-cut (FE and CE). Clear-cut areas farther from the forest edge (C) offer an advantage to regenerating birch, which grows densely and actively in this area.

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