Allelopathic inhibition of black cherry. II. Inhibition by woodland grass, ferns, and club moss

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Horsley
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Allelopathic Interference ◽  
Allegheny Plateau ◽  
Field Plots

A comparison of paired field plots on poorly drained Allegheny hardwood sites demonstrated that the presence of hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtiapunctilobula Michx.), New York fern (Thelypterisnoveboracensis L.), short husk grass (Brachyelytrumerectum Schreb.), and club moss (Lycopodiumobscurum L.) was correlated with reduced numbers of black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.) seedlings; numbers of red maple (Acerrubrum L.) seedlings were fewer where associated with the ferns and grass but not with club moss; numbers of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) seedlings were fewer with the ferns but not grass or club moss. Height of the 10 tallest black cherry seedlings on each plot was less with the ferns and grass but not with club moss. In a greenhouse study, foliage extracts of all four ground covers inhibited growth of black cherry seedlings that had exhausted cotyledonary reserves. Allelopathic interference by herbaceous ground cover species apparently played a strong role in inhibiting establishment and growth of black cherry seedlings on poorly drained Allegheny Plateau sites.

Clearcutting Central New York Northern Hardwood Stands

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell S. Walters ◽  
Ralph D. Nyland
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Site Occupancy ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
American Beech ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Central New York ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Uniform Cover

Abstract Clearcutting proved effective for regenerating central New York stands that were dominated by sugar maple along with American beech, black cherry, white ash, red maple, and basswood. Findings from five stands for periods of 7-13 years following clearcutting show densities equivalent to 2,400 to 9,400 saplings of commercial species per acre on 64-100% of the milacres sampled. In each stand, a minimum of 81% of the 6.6 ft radius sample plots were stocked with at least one sapling of a commercial species, suggesting that site occupancy will be fairly complete and uniform as these stands mature. All sites contained abundant regeneration of commercial species immediately after logging, ranging from 15,000 to 57,000 seedlings per acre, but as many as 90% of these were less than 1 ft tall. The species composition generally reflected the original forest with abundant sugar maple and American beech. However, large amounts of black cherry and white ash also appeared on some sites. Many bramble seedlings germinated during the first growing season after logging and developed into a dense uniform cover by the third year. However, the brambles declined as crown closure occurred in the new stands, and disappeared before the tenth year. Clearcutting should successfully regenerate stands of New York northern hardwoods having conditions similar to those of this study. North. J. Appl. For. 6:75-78, June 1989.

Growth responses of seven major co-occurring tree species of the northeastern United States to elevated CO2

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1479-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Bazzaz ◽  
J. S. Coleman ◽  
S. R. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Harvard Forest ◽  
Paper Birch

We examined how elevated CO2 affected the growth of seven co-occurring tree species: American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr). We also tested whether the degree of shade tolerance of species and the age of seedlings affected plant responses to enhanced CO2 levels. Seedlings that were at least 1 year old, for all species except beech, were removed while dormant from Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts. Seeds of red maple and paper birch were obtained from parent trees at Harvard Forest, and seeds of American beech were obtained from a population of beeches in Nova Scotia. Seedlings and transplants were grown in one of four plant growth chambers for 60 d (beech, paper birch, red maple, black cherry) or 100 d (white pine, hemlock, sugar maple) under CO2 levels of 400 or 700 μL•L−1. Plants were then harvested for biomass and growth determinations. The results showed that the biomass of beech, paper birch, black cherry, sugar maple, and hemlock significantly increased in elevated CO2, but the biomass of red maple and white pine only marginally increased in these conditions. Furthermore, there were large differences in the magnitude of growth enhancement by increased levels of CO2 between species, so it seems reasonable to predict that one consequence of rising levels of CO2 may be to increase the competitive ability of some species relative to others. Additionally, the three species exhibiting the largest increase in growth with increased CO2 concentrations were the shade-tolerant species (i.e., beech, sugar maple, and hemlock). Thus, elevated CO2 levels may enhance the growth of relatively shade-tolerant forest trees to a greater extent than growth of shade-intolerant trees, at least under the light and nutrient conditions of this experiment. We found no evidence to suggest that the age of tree seedlings greatly affected their response to elevated CO2 concentrations.

A comparison of vegetative cover and tree community structure in three forested Adirondack watersheds

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Cronan ◽  
Marc R. DesMeules
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
New York State ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Cover Type ◽  
Tree Community ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Annual Biomass

The Integrated Lake–Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) was conducted using three forested watersheds (Panther, Sagamore, and Woods) in the central Adirondack Park of New York State. By comparing the biogeochemical behavior of these watersheds, the ILWAS investigators hoped to elucidate the major ecosystem parameters controlling the fate of strong acids introduced from the atmosphere to lake–watershed systems. The ILWAS vegetation research program was designed to compare the quantitative patterns of forest structure in these midelevation watersheds. Results showed that the ILWAS catchments contain closely related variants of the northern hardwood – spruce – fir complex of the Adirondack region. The dominant tree species in these watersheds are beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.). On an areal basis, the watersheds contain 57–88% hardwood cover type and 5–29% spruce–fir cover type. Mean live basal area values range from 22 to 30 m2 ha−1 between catchments, while standing dead basal area values range from 4 to 8 m2 ha−1. Mean live stem densities range from 1400 to 1700 stems ha−1. Mean aboveground biomass projections for the tree stratum in the three watersheds range from 143 to 199 Mt ha−1, while estimated aboveground annual biomass increments range from 4.1 to 5.3% of standing biomass.

22-Year Growth of Four Planted Hardwoods

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Laurane Stout
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Forest Landowners ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Preferred Species

Abstract Planting of northern hardwood species interests forest landowners and managers who wish to continue growing pure or nearly pure stands of high-value species, enhance old-field conversion to preferred species, or reforest areas where natural regeneration has failed. Little data on planted hardwoods can be found, however. This paper reports on 22 years of growth of a northern hardwood plantation established in 1961 containing red maple, black cherry, sugar maple, and white ash. The data show that plantings of these species can succeed on good sites with weed control over the first few years, protection from animal predators, and close initial spacing. North. J. Appl. For. 3:69-72, June 1986.

Spatial distribution of forest landscape change in western New York from presettlement to the present

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Chen Wang ◽  
Barry J. Kronenfeld ◽  
Chris P.S. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Forest Landscape ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Land Survey ◽  
Abundant Taxon ◽  
Taxon Composition

Changes in tree taxon composition and distribution in western New York over a 200 year time period ca. 1797–1993 were examined by comparing the presettlement land survey with the US Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) survey. To ensure data quality, biases in presettlement bearing tree selection and FIA plot location were assessed. A 6 mile × 6 mile grid of taxa abundance was then estimated using geostatistics. Overall, significant changes in taxon composition occurred, with the taxa most abundant in the presettlement land survey — beech (37.0%), sugar maple (21.0%), and eastern hemlock (8.3%) — being replaced by sugar maple (19.2%), ash (11.7%), and red maple (11.4%) in the FIA survey. Spatially resolved comparisons showed that the landscape changed from fairly spatially homogeneous to more heterogeneous; in the presettlement survey, the most abundant taxon in most of the 6 mile × 6 mile grid cells was beech, while in the present survey, the most abundant taxon in most of the cells was one of several early successional taxa that each displayed a distinctly clustered geographic pattern of dominance. The clusters of dominance of the different early successional taxa may correspond to environmental factors. This study demonstrates the insights available through spatially resolved analyses of changes in the forest landscape between presettlement and present.

Effects of clear-cutting on the vegetation and soil of an eastern hemlock dominated ecosystem, western Upper Michigan

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 914-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Hix ◽  
Burton V. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Recreation Area

The effects of clear-cutting on the vegetation and soil of an ecosystem dominated by eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr.) were studied at four locations along the boundaries of the Sylvania Recreation Area (Ottawa National Forest) in western Upper Michigan, U.S.A. The position of commercially clear-cut areas along the boundaries of the relatively undisturbed 8500-ha tract provided the opportunity to examine the probable effects of clear-cutting after an average of 46 years afterward. Clear-cutting resulted in the virtual elimination of hemlock from the overstory; it was replaced by a mixed forest of red maple (Acerrubrum L.), yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), and balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea L.). The ecological species groups characteristic of the ground cover of the uncut plots were not substantially different from the groups now present on the clear-cut plots. The thickness, mass, and nutrient (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) contents of the forest floor decreased significantly, and the acidity and nutrient contents of the upper mineral soil increased slightly. The replacement of hemlock by hardwoods has slowly decreased the acidity and apparently increased the rate of nutrient cycling. It appears that without major disturbance, such as fire, hemlock is not likely to regain dominance following clear-cutting owing to failure to regenerate naturally.

Thirty-year effects of liming on soil and foliage chemistry and growth of northern hardwoods in Pennsylvania, USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Long ◽  
Scott W. Bailey ◽  
Stephen B. Horsley ◽  
Thomas J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
Sustained Effect ◽  
Foliage Chemistry ◽  
Allegheny Plateau

The longevity of a single 22.4 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> application of dolomitic limestone at four northern hardwood stands was evaluated over thirty years (1986-2016) to determine whether changes in soils, foliage, and tree growth were sustained on the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau in northern Pennsylvania, USA. In limed plots, soils, sampled to 45-55 cm depth, and sugar maple (<i>Acer saccharum</i> Marsh.) and black cherry (<i>Prunus serotina</i> Ehrh.) foliage had significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) greater concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) through 2016 compared with samples from unlimed plots. Calcium and Mg capitals (g m<sup>-2</sup>) in the Oi through A horizon combined were greater on limed plots than unlimed plots, largely due to increases in the thickness and nutrient concentration in the A horizon. Over 30-years, sugar maple basal area increment (cm<sup>2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> BAINC) ) was greater in limed plots, American beech (<i>Fagus grandifolia</i> Ehrh.) BAINC was unaffected, and black cherry BAINC was reduced in limed plots compared with unlimed plots. The sustained effect of this one-time lime treatment shows the strong role of efficient nutrient cycling in forests and suggests that the benefits over a substantial portion of a stand rotation may increase the feasibility of operational liming.

scholarly journals Decaying Logs as Germination Sites in Northern Hardwood Forests

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory G. McGee ◽  
John P. Birmingham
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forests ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Soil Scarification

Abstract While several authors have noted tree regeneration on decaying logs, the role that "nurse logs" play in maintaining tree diversity in eastern North American forests has remained unquantified. We sampled small seedling (≤ 5 cm high) densities of seven tree species on and directly adjacent to logs in two northern hardwood stands in the Adirondack mountains of New York. Polar ordination of 42 microsite plots revealed distinctly different small seedling communities on logs vs. forest floor. Yellow birch and red spruce densities were 24 times and 5 times greater on logs than forest floor, while those of sugar maple and striped maple were 8 times and 4 times greater on the forest floor. Maintaining a natural level (~5% ground cover) of well distributed logs can supplement site preparation techniques such as soil scarification to provide regeneration sites for yellow birch and red spruce, particularly in heavily stocked northern hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):178-182.

Influence of nutrition and stress on sugar maple at a regional scale

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 2235-2246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A Hallett ◽  
Scott W Bailey ◽  
Stephen B Horsley ◽  
Robert P Long
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Nutritional Factor ◽  
Decline Disease ◽  
Allegheny Plateau ◽  
Nutritional Imbalance

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) decline disease on the Allegheny Plateau (region 1) resulted in high levels of mortality during the 1990s. Sugar maple was predisposed to decline because of an imbalance in Mg, Ca, and Mn nutrition and incited to decline by repeated defoliation. We sampled 33 stands in New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire (region 2) to determine if this model of sugar maple decline applies to a broader region. Low Ca and Mg and higher Mn levels were correlated with poorer tree health in both regions, but region 2 stands had little defoliation and few dead trees, suggesting that both unbalanced nutrition and stress are required for mortality to occur. We predict that stands with low foliar Ca and Mg and high Mn levels would incur increased mortality if stressed. In region 2, relationships between Ca, Mg, and Mn levels and dieback suggested that impacts on sugar maple may be caused by nutritional imbalance alone. Partial correlation analysis suggests that antagonism between Mg and Mn is the most important nutritional factor in region 1, while Mn supply is most important in region 2. We suggest that more research is needed on the interacting roles played by Ca, Mg, Al, and Mn in sugar maple performance.

Pin cherry effects on Allegheny hardwood stand development

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd E Ristau ◽  
Stephen B Horsley
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
High Density ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Ash

Pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.) develops an early height advantage over associated species. Data from three long-term studies, extending up to 70 years after complete overstory removal, were used to evaluate the effects of pin cherry density on associates. Survival of seedling-origin stems of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) at age 15 decreased as the density of pin cherry >1.5 m tall at age 3 increased. The regression of pin cherry with black cherry was particularly strong (R2 = 0.632). Height of the tallest black cherry and white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) at age 15 also decreased. If the density of pin cherry at age 3 was > 1 stem > 1.5 m tall per 0.0004 ha (high density), the number of black cherry fell below full stocking at age 15. When pin cherry occurred in high density, it lived longer than when it occurred at low density (< 1 stem > 1.5 m tall per 0.0004 ha). High pin cherry density early in stand development delayed the time when shade-intolerant and shade-intermediate species reached a stable proportion of the total basal area. In the long term, pin cherry reduced stand diameter and volume growth, particularly of black cherry.

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