The relationship between electrical resistance and severity of decline symptoms in Acersaccharum

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Newbanks ◽  
Terry A. Tattar
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Increment Core ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Urban Campus ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
The Relationship

Electrical resistance (ER) measurements of the xylem–cambium area were affected by time of year, air temperature, tree diameter, species, bark blemishes, callus tissue, decay, and measurement techniques. Our results indicate that in urban sugar maples there was no statistically significant correlation between ER and tree response to physiologic stress, as measured by visual crown classification (based on the severity of decline symptoms) and by increment core data. Trees in a non-urban, campus setting showed a significant correlation between electrical resistance and visual crown symptoms (r = 0.61). Trees with intermediate crown-condition ratings had the highest average ER, and on the basis of ER, individual trees could not be placed into stress-response categories because of large variations in ER within each crown-condition class. No significant correlation was found between ER and applied physiologic stresses in nursery-grown sugar maples.

Role of Armillaria calvescens and Glycobius speciosus in a sugar maple decline

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Bauce ◽  
Douglas C. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
One Year ◽  
Crown Dieback ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Sugar maple, Acersaccharum Marsh., decline may be reversible during early stages before secondary insects and fungi invade stressed trees. Treatment with boric acid reduced the regenerative capacity of Armillariacalvescens Bérubé & Dessureault rhizomorphs and the percent infection of trembling aspen, Populustremuloides Michx., stakes used as a bioassay. One year after treatment, crown condition and cambial electrical resistance of trees initially in early stages of crown dieback improved compared with controls. The crown condition of sugar maples previously attacked by the sugar maple borer, Glycobiusspeciosus (Say), did not improve during 5 years of observation, whereas 18% of uninfested trees in similar initial crown condition did improve. Sugar maple borer was more abundant in declining trees [Formula: see text] than is typical of nondeclining infested trees [Formula: see text]. Declining trees had more sugar maple borer damage than apparently healthy trees (no evidence of crown dieback). The borer and the fungus are important contributing agents that prevent recovery of many declining sugar maples.

Corrosion Problems in a Refinery Diethanolamine System

CORROSION ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 503t-506t ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH L. MOORE
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
System Operation ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Gas Streams ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Refinery Gas ◽  
Propane Butane

Abstract Various corrosion problems are described which have occurred in a large diethanolamine (DEA) system that removes hydrogen sulfide from refinery gas streams and a liquid propane-butane stream. These include reboiler corrosion, rich DEA corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion-erosion. The effect of the problems on system operation is discussed, as well as the means of minimizing the problems. Electrical resistance measuring device data indicate the importance of keeping the solution loading below 0.34 mol of acid gas (H2S + CO2) per mol of DEA to minimize the corrosion in the rich DEA. Data from this source also show the relationship between general reboiler corrosion and solution contamination. 8.4.3

scholarly journals Understanding the Relationship Between Crown Shape and Size and Structural Complexity of Individual Trees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninni Saarinen ◽  
Kim Calders ◽  
Ville Kankare ◽  
Tuomas Yrttimaa ◽  
Samuli Junttila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shape And Size

scholarly journals Observations of the Relationship between 700-mb Temperatures and Severe Weather Reports across the Contiguous United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 799-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Bunkers ◽  
John R. Wetenkamp ◽  
Jeffrey J. Schild ◽  
Anthony Fischer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Moist Convection ◽  
Severe Storm ◽  
Convective Inhibition ◽  
Deep Moist Convection ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between 700-mb temperatures and convective severe storm reports is examined using data from 1993 to 2006 for the contiguous United States. Severe storm reports are used as a rough “proxy” for the occurrence of deep moist convection, and spatial and temporal distributions of 700-mb temperatures associated with these reports are analyzed. Secondarily, the distributions are assessed by individual severe storm report type, and convective inhibition also is evaluated. The motivation for this study is derived from the occasionally used 10°–12°C at 700 mb rule of thumb for estimating the extent and strength of the capping inversion. Whereas there is a semblance of merit for using this rule at times, its utility is shown to be strongly dependent on 1) geographic location, particularly with respect to surface elevation and the frequency of elevated mixed layers, and 2) the time of year. Calculation of convective inhibition, careful examination of the sounding, and assessment of lifting mechanisms likely are more valuable than 700-mb temperatures when forecasting the potential for deep moist convection and severe storms.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN KEKUATAN OTOT TUNGKAI DAN KOORDINASI MATA KAKI TERHADAP HASIL SHOOTING BOLA DIAM KE ARAH GAWANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Jack suman Rulis Manurung
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Computerized System ◽  
Method Of Correlation

The purpose of this research is to find out: 1) The relationship of leg muscle strength to the results of shooting the silent ball towards the goal. 2) Relationship between ankle coordination and the result of shooting the ball silently towards the goal. 3) The relationship between leg muscle strength and ankle coordination towards the results of shooting the ball silently towards the goal.The method used in this study is a method of correlation with test and measurement techniques. Data analysis was carried out by a computerized system with simple or multiple regression analysis. The population in this study were students who participated in extra-curricular football at Pontianak's N 8 High School, totaling 22 people. In this study, there was no sampling technique because it took all the population who participated in 22 extra-curricular activities.The results of the analysis of the data obtained indicate that: 1) There is a relationship between leg muscle strength to the results of shooting the silent ball towards the goal. 2) There is a coordination relationship between the ankles and the result of shooting the silent ball towards the goal. 3) There is a relationship between leg muscle strength and ankle coordination towards the results of shooting the silent ball towards the goal.The amount of donation given by leg muscle strength to the results of silent ball shooting towards the goal was 52.1%, while the coordination contribution of the ankle to the results of silent ball shooting towards the goal was 25.3%. While the magnitude of the contribution given by the two variables, namely leg muscle strength and ankle coordination was 59% of the results of shooting the silent ball towards the goal. It is recommended that in addition to practicing silent ball shooting techniques towards the goal, leg muscle strength should be taken into consideration for the trainer in giving a portion of training.

Anisotropic Microstructure of Plasma-Sprayed Deposits

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. lavsky ◽  
G.G. Long ◽  
A.J. Allen ◽  
L. Leblanc ◽  
M. Prystay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle Neutron Scattering ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Impregnation Process ◽  
Direct Technique ◽  
Plasma Sprayed ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract The microstructure of plasma-sprayed deposits (PSD) is dominated by two void systems - interlamellar pores and intralamellar cracks - each with a different anisotropy. Varying anisotropics and crack-to-pore ratios within PSDs are responsible for the anisotropic properties observed in the deposits. While it is difficult to apply standard porosity measurement techniques to the assessment of anisotropic microstructures, novel techniques utilizing different approaches have recently emerged. Image analysis (IA) of impregnated PSD samples is the most direct technique. The structure is stabilized by impregnation and then polished and imaged. The limitations of IA lie in the impregnation process and in the subsequent polishing. Also, the images produced from anisotropic materials can be difficult to interpret quantitatively. The technique of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) has recently been successfully applied to the study of PSDs. The major advantages of SANS are that it does not require sample preparation and that quantitative information can be gotten about the separate crack and pore systems, including their distinctive anisotropics. However, the relationship between the SANS results and the underlying structure is more complex and less intuitive than for IA, and the availability of the SANS technique is limited by the need to have access to a powerful neutron source, such as a reactor. Also, the two techniques present different views of the microstructure because of the different sensitivities in different parts of the size range. This paper compares results from IA and SANS from a set of thick plasma-sprayed ceramic deposits possessing a range of crack/pore microstructures, and discusses how the two techniques might complement one another.

Uncertainty analysis of solar/geomagnetic activity impact on terrestrial variables, based on the information theory 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ileana Mares ◽  
Constantin Mares ◽  
Venera Dobrica ◽  
Crisan Demetrescu
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Uncertainty Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Total Correlation ◽  
External Forcings ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

<p>The present study aims at investigating uncertainty of external factors, namely the solar/geomagnetic forcing on the terrestrial variables as the Danube discharge and the atmospheric indices at the large scale. Our analysis was performed separately for each season, for two time periods, 1901-2000 and 1948-2000.</p><p>The relationship between terrestrial variables and external factors was achieved by applying the information theory elements as synergy, redundancy, total correlation and transfer entropy. </p><p>The results differ depending on the time of year and the analysed variables.</p><p>From this analysis resulted that the two external forcings can be considered together as predictors for certain cases, while for others they are very redundant, therefore the one that produces the lowest uncertainty connection was selected.</p>

Effect of Design Factors on Microvia Reliability of Flip Chip Ball Grid Array Polymeric Substrates

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
Dennis Leung ◽  
Guna Selvaduray
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Flip Chip ◽  
Ball Grid Array ◽  
Temperature Cycling ◽  
Low Aspect Ratio ◽  
Cte Mismatch ◽  
Polymeric Substrates ◽  
Design Factors ◽  
The Relationship

Microvia failures in flip chip ball grid array (FCBGA) polymeric substrates have been a major concern in the development of reliable packages for high-performance and high-density chips. To determine the relationship between reliability and design factors of the microvias, a 10-layer substrate was used to investigate these contrasting design factors: “stack-on-core” vs. “non–stack-on-core,” “high” vs. “low” aspect ratio, “stacked” vs. “staggered,” and “fillet” vs. “non-fillet.” Temperature cycling was used to generate stresses on the microvias. Electrical resistance was measured and analyzed, using design of experiment (DOE), to determine the effects of these design factors on microvia reliability. The significant single factors for a robust microvia were “non–stack-on-core” and “staggered.” Cross-sectioning was employed to understand the failure pattern. Cracks occurred on “stack-on-core” and “stacked” designs only. All the cracks were located at the interface between the capture pad and the bottom of the microvia, where stress is the highest due to the CTE mismatch of different materials.

The Relationship Between Vertical Ground Reaction Force, Loading Rate, and Sound Characteristics During a Single-Leg Landing

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-546
Author(s):  
Caroline Lisee ◽  
Tom Birchmeier ◽  
Arthur Yan ◽  
Brent Geers ◽  
Kaitlin O’Hagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Sound Frequency ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Loading

Context: Landing kinetic outcomes are associated with injury risk and may be persistently altered after anterior cruciate ligament injury or reconstruction. However, it is challenging to assess kinetics clinically. The relationship between sound characteristics and kinetics during a limited number of functional tasks has been supported as a potential clinical alternative. Objective: To assess the relationship between kinetics and sound characteristics during a single-leg landing task. Design: Observational Setting: Laboratory. Participants: There was total of 26 healthy participants (15 males/11 females, age = 24.8 [3.6] y, height = 176.0 [9.1] cm, mass = 74.9 [14.4] kg, Tegner Activity Scale = 6.1 [1.1]). Intervention: Participants completed single-leg landings onto a force plate while audio characteristics were recorded. Main Outcome Measures: Peak vertical ground reaction force, linear loading rate, instantaneous loading rate, peak sound magnitude, sound frequency were measured. Means and SDs were calculated for each participant’s individual limbs. Spearman rho correlations were used to assess the relationships between audio characteristics and kinetic outcomes. Results: Peak sound magnitude was positively correlated with normalized peak vertical ground reaction force (ρ = .486, P = .001); linear loading rate (ρ = .491, P = .001); and instantaneous loading rate (ρ = .298, P = .03). Sound frequency was negatively correlated with instantaneous loading rate (ρ = −.444, P = .001). Conclusions: Peak sound magnitude may be more helpful in providing feedback about an individual’s normalized vertical ground reaction force and linear loading rate, and sound frequency may be more helpful in providing feedback about instantaneous loading rate. Further refinement in sound measurement techniques may be required before these findings can be applied in a clinical population.

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