Closure rates of yellow birch pruning wounds

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale S. Solomon ◽  
Barton M. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Closure Rate ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Epicormic Branches

In August 1963, 135 yellow birch trees (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.), averaging 5.08 cm in diameter at 1.37 m aboveground were pruned to two-thirds of their total height. Larger pruning wounds had a faster rate of closure but required more time to close than small wounds. The width and length of the pruning wound, as well as the diameter growth of the tree, were significantly related to closure rate. Although shade had no significant effect on closure rate, it reduced formation of epicormic branches.

scholarly journals The Influence of Regeneration Fellings on the Development of Artificially Regenerated Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Plantations

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 859-867
Author(s):  
Pavel Bednář ◽  
Jakub Černý
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Quality Development ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L

This paper analyses the development of beech plantations aged 7 to 18 years that were planted in gap cuts (0.1–0.25 ha; ISF 50%), clear cuts (0.5–1.0 ha; ISF 87%) and finally underplanted areas in shelterwood cuts in mature spruce stands (G = 22–26 m2/ha; ISF 28%). The research consisted of the following analyses: height growth, diameter growth and beech quality development. We used standard statistical tools (p < 0.05) for evaluating height and diameter growth, which showed significant differences in both characteristics (total height and DBH) within 7-year-old and 13-year-old plantations grown in all three regeneration treatments. The tallest beech trees with greatest DBH at the age of 7 and 13 were found in clearings whereas shortest and thinnest trees grew in shelterwoods. However, at the age of 18, there was no significant different between gap cut and clear cut in both parameters. The best quality was observed in shelterwoods.

SUGAR PRODUCTION BY WHITE AND YELLOW BIRCHES

1944 ◽  
Vol 22c (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. V. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Invert Sugar ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Corn Syrup ◽  
Birch Trees

White and yellow birch trees produced an abundance of sap, but the yield of sugar was on the average only about one-third that of the sugar maple. Results indicate that yellow birch sap contains invert sugar with small amounts of sucrose, and that white birch sap contains a mixture of fructose and invert sugar. Syrups prepared from white and yellow birch saps by concentrating 100 times were similar in taste and appearance to commercial corn syrup.

Succession des micro-organismes à la suite de blessures artificielles au tronc chez le bouleau jaune (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.) et l'érable à sucre (Acersaccharum Marsh.)

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Lavallée ◽  
Alain Bard
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
General Decay ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Linear Extent ◽  
Birch Trees

Xylem of sugar maple and yellow birch trees were exposed to natural infection by making axe blazes to simulate mechanical injuries. After 8, 21, and 34 months, dissection and isolations made from the discolored wood permitted the localization of certain microorganisms in three arbitrarily determined zones. Longitudinal and radial development of discoloration associated with wounds was more rapid in yellow birch than in sugar maple. There was evidence of a succession of organisms in the colonization of the wounds which was subsequent to the first discoloration process and involved different organisms in the two hosts. In general, decay fungi did not appear until after 21 months. Cytosporadecipiens occurred exclusively in discolored wood of sugar maple while Phialophora spp. and Cephalosporium sp. dominated the discolored wood of yellow birch. Bacteria were more frequent in yellow birch than in sugar maple. Relationships between size of injuries, linear extent of the discoloration produced, and identity of the various organisms involved are also presented.

INTERNAL WATER RELATIONS OF YELLOW BIRCH AT CHALK RIVER

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 789-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Fraser ◽  
H. T. Dirks
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Internal Water ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Wilting Point

Wood moisture was measured in the butt of healthy and decadent yellow birch trees growing on various sites in the summers of 1950 and 1952. The moisture content decreased from almost 100% in May to about 60% in late June when the leaves were fully unfolded. Wood moisture was usually 5 to 15% higher in the butt of decadent trees than in healthy trees during the 2 years of investigations. It was higher in the trunk of trees on a dry site during a wet summer and on a wet site during a somewhat dry summer.Relative turgidity in leaves was measured in mature trees as well as in leaves of seedlings growing on soils with varied moisture contents. Relative turgidity was usually less during the day. During periods of drought it decreased even during the night. Exceptions observed may have been caused by leaf absorption of dew. In young birch seedlings relative turgidity values varied between 65 and 50% in soils ranging from 100 to 70% of field capacity. As the soil wilting point was approached, relative turgidity of leaves decreased to about 35%.

scholarly journals Effects of Thinning in a Cherrybark Oak Plantation

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Matthew H. Pelkki ◽  
Robert J. Colvin
Keyword(s):  
Edge Effects ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
The South ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Epicormic Branches

Abstract A cherrybark oak plantation was established on an Upper Coastal Plain creek bottom in southwest Arkansas in 1962. At age 10, treatments of (1) thinning only, (2) thinning and pruning, and (3) a control (no treatment) were applied in three replicates. Repeated thinnings from below occurred in the thinned and thinned/pruned plots at ages 21, 26, and 31. Pruning was applied in the thin/prune plots only once, at age 10. Thinning had significant effects on diameter growth immediately and continued to accelerate diameter growth through age 39, but had no effect on total tree height. Height to live crown was significantly lower for thinned plots than in the control. Pruning appeared to have no effect on diameter, height, or number or height of epicormic branches. Sawtimber volume and accumulated sawtimber production was significantly greater in treatments that received thinning, with potential for greater economic returns. The reader is cautioned that these results may not be indicative of cherrybark oak plantations in the South due to the size of the study area and possible edge effects. South. J. Appl. For. 28(1):55–58.

Crown deterioration and reduced growth associated with excessive seed production by birch

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2431-2437 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Mature Stands

In 1967 yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis Britt., and white birch, B. papyrifera Marsh., developed extremely large seed crops in Ontario. Foliage was dwarfed or missing in the heavily seeded portions of tree crowns. Buds did not develop on the terminal portions of most branches, and in 1968 branches died back to the point where buds were available for growth. Terminal growth and diameter growth were reduced for both species in 1967, and terminal growth by yellow birch continued at a reduced rate in 1968. Terminal growth and bud production were inversely related to the amount of fruiting. Similar conditions prevailed on some yellow birch in 1970.Yellow birch was more seriously affected, and in most mature stands dieback averaged 20 to 50 cm. White birch was not affected to this extent; however, some trees in most mature stands suffered extensive dieback.

STUDIES IN FOREST PATHOLOGY: XV. ROOTLETS, MYCORRHIZA, AND SOIL TEMPERATURES IN RELATION TO BIRCH DIEBACK

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Redmond
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Forest Pathology ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Cylindrosporium sp., isolated from dead yellow birch roots, inhibited the growth of another fungus isolated from mycorrhiza and dead roots. Growth rate of the former increased while that of the latter decreased with increased temperature above the optimum for rootlet, development. Twenty-four species of fungi were isolated from mycorrhiza. Seedlings grown aseptically in soil and in agar were inoculated with fungi isolated from dead and dying rootlets and from mycorrhiza, but none of the organisms displayed sufficient virulence to cause birch dieback. The optimum temperature for development of potted seedlings was about 18.5 °C. Increases or decreases of 2 °C. or more from the optimum for yellow birch development resulted in increased rootlet mortality, decreased frequency of mycorrhiza, and a thinner mantle of hyphae in mycorrhiza, followed by reduction in foliage vigor. Normal rootlet mortality of 6% in a 55-year-old yellow birch stand was increased to 19 and 60% by raising soil temperature 1° and 2 °C, respectively, above the normal during one summer. Soil moisture was not lowered a statistically significant amount by a 5 °C. increase until the sixth day following rain. Mycorrhiza existed on residual living roots in about the same proportion as on undisturbed root systems. The possibility that birch dieback may be the result of soil temperature increases is discussed. It is suggested that cutting practices in hardwood stands should remove all yellow birch trees or prevent increased temperatures in soil occupied by residual birch.

Optimizing Reduction Pruning of Trees Under Electrical Lines: The Influence of Intensity and Season of Pruning on Epicormic Branch Growth and Wound Compartmentalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 432-449
Author(s):  
Guillaume Perrette ◽  
Sylvain Delagrange ◽  
Christian Messier
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Closure Rate ◽  
Maintenance Cycle ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Electrical Distribution Network ◽  
Cutting Point ◽  
Epicormic Branches

Reduction pruning of the main stem is commonly used during the maintenance of power lines to encourage the establishment and development of scaffold limbs away from wires. Understanding the physiology of epicormic branch initiation and growth as well as wound compartmentalization following reduction pruning are important for optimizing the pruning cycle and maintaining healthy and safe trees. In this study, the influence of both intensity and time of year of pruning on epicormic branch response and wound compartmentalization was investigated on 56 11-year-old Pennsylvania ash trees (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) about 5 to 7 m in height within a controlled nursery environment. During the second growing season following reduction of the main stem, the number, height, and volume of epicormic branches, as well as tallest epicormic branches and the area of discolored wood, increased with pruning intensity. Pruning during the leaf-on season compared to the leaf-off season limited the establishment and development of epicormic branches without affecting wound-closure rate or the area of wood discoloration at the cutting point. Results are consistent with the known seasonal fluctuation of carbohydrates reserves. In the context of the electrical distribution network, where trees are subjected to pruning throughout the year, trees pruned in summer during a maintenance cycle could be pruned during the next cycle, in winter, and so on, to optimize the return interval of the pruning cycle.

scholarly journals Domesticating Commercially Important Native Tree Species in the Philippines: Early Growth Performance Level

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Rustum Aguilos ◽  
Conrado Marquez ◽  
Henry Adornado ◽  
Maricar Aguilos
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Native Tree ◽  
Native Tree Species

Selection of native tree species for commercial purposes is a continuing challenge and an opportunity in tropical silviculture. Because of this, we explored domesticating 33 native species in the Philippines that were tested for survival rate, total height, and diameter-at-ground-level (dgl) increments. The first five years (2014–2018) of assessment showed that 13 species (40%) of the 33 native species reached a survival rate of more than 80%. Grouped as ‘slow’-, ‘medium’- and ‘fast’-growing field trial species, a 709 cm average total height at five years was attained by the fast-growing cluster where Bagalunga (Melia dubia L.) and Kupang (Parkia javanica (D.C.) Merr.) were among the fastest-growing species. Slow-growing trees like Tindalo (Afzelia rhomboidei (Blanco)) and Kamagong (Diospyros blancoi (Willd)) were among the slowest-growing with an average height of 193.8 cm. Dipterocarps like Yakal (Shorea stylosa (Foxw.)), Tanguile (Shorea polysperma (Blanco)) and Mayapis (Shorea squamata (Blanco) Merr.) had the lowest diameter at ground level (dgl) increments (average 25.9 mm) while diametric expansion of fast-growing species spanned up to 93.5 mm. Overall, height and dgl increments were almost five times the original measurement five years after planting. A sudden surge in the rate of change in total height (83%) and dgl (72%) occurred a year after planting, yet a sudden decline occurred in the fifth year with only 21% for height and 23% for diameter growth suggesting the first 3–4 years as the crucial stage in seedling development. Survival rate is better correlated with the changes in dgl increment (R2 = 0.19, p < 0.05) than the height growth (R2 = 0.12, p < 0.05). Increasing rainfall and optimum air temperature significantly correlated with height and diameter growth while any increase in recorded wind speed slightly reduced the growth of the species. Our findings are initial steps towards developing appropriate silvicultural and management interventions when planning for the massive plantation development of domesticated Philippine native trees in the future.

Basal area and diameter growth in high-graded eastern temperate mixedwood forests: the influence of acceptable growing stock, species, competition and climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugues Power ◽  
Patricia Raymond ◽  
Marcel Prévost ◽  
Vincent Roy ◽  
Frank Berninger
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Mixedwood Forests ◽  
Stem Quality ◽  
History Of

AbstractHarvesting practices in temperate mixedwoods of eastern North America have a history of diameter-limit cuts, which have often resulted in degraded residual stands. In this study, we examined the factors influencing stand basal area (BA) and tree diameter growth in previously high-graded mixedwood forests, to understand which stands are more likely to recover from high-grading. Over 15 years, we monitored tree growth, recruitment and stem quality of 532 sample plots that were located in high-graded stands of Quebec’s mixedwood forest. We found that diameter growth rates were positively correlated with precipitation-related variables for balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and for yellow birch (Betulla alleghaniensis) but opposing trends for temperature-related variables were found. Conversely to balsam fir, yellow birch growth was positively correlated to temperature variables. Our results also show that BA growth was greater for plots with a larger acceptable growing stock (AGS: trees with potential sawlog production) and that the increase in AGS was greater for plots with larger amount of conifer BA. These result highlights the importance to maintain a proportion of conifer trees in these mixed stands. Moreover, the significant effect of asymmetric competition in our study underscores the relevance of considering the spatial distribution when choosing crop trees.

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