Cartographie du risque de retrouver de la mortalité dans les forêts de sapin baumier attaquées par la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan J. Hardy ◽  
Louis G. Dorais
Keyword(s):  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Hazard Map ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hazard Rating ◽  
Physiological Value

A hazard rating map is obtained in Quebec by superimposing the map of the annual damage caused by the spruce budworm, Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.), during the past 4 years on that forecast for the next year. The various levels of risk are based on the physiological value of each year of foliage production and the ability of balsam fir, Abiesbalsamea Mill., to resist repeated budworm attacks. Applied to the forest of Quebec, this hazard map can lead to a more rational use of pesticides against the budworm.

Weather and Outbreaks of the Spruce Budworm in the Province of Quebec from 1939 to 1956

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Pilon ◽  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Tree Component ◽  
Gaspe Peninsula ◽  
Gaspé Peninsula

Nearly all forest regions in the Province of Quebec where balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) is an important tree component have been subjected to severe defoliation by the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), during the past 20 years. These outbreaks have followed an easterly direction beginning near the Ontario-Quebec border in 1939 and ending in the Gaspé Peninsula in 1958.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of the Spruce Budworm in Western Ontario: A Discussion

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 494-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Behavior ◽  
High Concentrations

Spruce budworm outbreaks for the past two centuries in western Ontario occurred in two main sectors, the Lake Nipigon and the Lac Seul sectors. Some were common to both sectors, while others were specific to one or the other. Intervals between infestations within sectors averaged about 60 years. For western Ontario, budworm populations oscillated at irregular intervals ranging from 15 to 60 years. Infestations generally originated in the boreal forest in centers with high concentrations of fir, and then appeared in areas with lower volumes of fir. Fir content and the susceptibility to budworm attack of forests in western Ontario are compared with conditions prevailing in Quebec and the Maritimes. There are new outbreaks in western Ontario, and their future behavior could clarify some aspects of budworm epidemiology. Key words: Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana; Balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.; Epidemiology.

Potential hazard rating system for fir stands infested with budworm using cambial electrical resistance

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weston Davis ◽  
Walter Shortle ◽  
Alex Shigo
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Rating System ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Hazard Rating

Cambial electrical resistance (CER) of more than 10 000 trees, predominantly balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea) and red spruce (Picearubens) was measured in 90 stands in northern Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, U.S.A. CER index values (mean CER, kiloohms per stand) ranged from 9 to 13 for fir in nonoutbreak situations, and 9 to 18 in outbreak situations with moderate to heavy budworm infestation, whereas values for red spruce remained essentially constant at 7 to 13 in both situations. Balsam fir trees in stands with an index value of 9 grew almost three times faster (diameter growth) than in stands with an index value of 13. An increase of index values from 13 to 18 in outbreak situations indicated no further reduction in growth, but may indicate impending mortality of trees with lower vitality. Such index values may be useful in developing a hazard rating system for fir stands infected with spruce budworm.

THE JACK PINE BUDWORM AND THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CACOECIA FUMIFERANA CLEM. (TORTRICIDAE)

1943 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 207-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. A. Brown ◽  
Margaret R. MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
The Past ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Pine Stands

During the past decade a severe outbreak of budworm has been in progress on jack pine in northwestern Ontario, following similar infestations in Michigan and Minnesota. It has been observed that budworm on jack pine does not spread to adjacent stands of balsam fir and spruce, and similarly that outbreaks on fir and spruce do not spread to adjacent jack pine stands.

scholarly journals Predicting balsam fir mortality in boreal stands affected by spruce budworm

2021 ◽  
Vol 496 ◽  
pp. 119408
Author(s):  
Djidjoho Julien Houndode ◽  
Cornelia Krause ◽  
Hubert Morin
Keyword(s):  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir

The influence of hardwood content on balsam fir defoliation by spruce budworm

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1620-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Su ◽  
Ted D. Needham ◽  
David A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Generalized Model ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Working Hypothesis ◽  
Model Combining

Changing stand composition by increasing hardwood content has been suggested as a long-term method for reducing susceptibility and vulnerability of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) to spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)). Twenty-five mixed balsam fir–hardwood stands were selected in northern New Brunswick, with five stands in each 20% hardwood class (0–20, 21–40%, etc.). Defoliation each year from 1989 to 1993 was significantly (p < 0.0001) related to hardwood content, with r2 ranging from 0.57 to 0.81. As hardwood content increased, defoliation of balsam fir decreased. From 1989 to 1992, the years of moderate to severe defoliation, balsam fir stands with <40% hardwoods sustained 58–71% defoliation, on average, versus 12–15% defoliation in stands with >80% hardwood. A generalized model combining hardwood content and the estimated defoliation in pure softwood stands in a given year explained 77% of the variation in defoliation over stands and years. This study indicated that mixed balsam fir–hardwood stand management, with hardwood content >40%, could substantially reduce losses during spruce budworm outbreaks. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanism involved, but our working hypothesis is that greater hardwood content increased the diversity or populations of natural enemies such as birds and parasitoids.

Prescribed Burning for Stand Conversion in Budworm-killed Balsam Fir: An Ontario Case History

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fire Effects ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Stand Conversion

Recent spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) infestations have resulted in widespread areas of balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) mortality in Ontario, and there is growing interest in reestablishing these areas quickly as productive forests. One technique being used is prescribed fire after a salvage and bulldozer tramping operation. A 445-ha prescribed burn was carried out under moderate fire danger conditions in northern Ontario. The site, which was covered by balsam fir fuel that had been killed by spruce budworm, was tramped to improve fire spread. Weather, fuel consumption, and fire effects are reported. The burn effectively reduced heavy surface fuel loadings and consequently planting on the site was easier. Key words: Prescribed burning, fire, spruce budworm. Choristoneura fumiferana, balsam fir, Abies balsamea, fuel consumption, site preparation, tramping, stand conversion.

Metabolites toxic to spruce budworm from balsam fir needle endophytes

1992 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry A. Calhoun ◽  
John A. Findlay ◽  
J. David Miller ◽  
Norman J. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir

LONG TERM STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – ACEPHATE COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 1239-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Long Term Study

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis (Dipel® 36B) mixed with a sublethal concentration of acephate (Orthene®) (O, S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate), an organophosphorous insecticide, was applied at 2.35–14 l./ha to white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees infested with spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). The treatment rate was 20 Billion International Units of B. thuringiensis (B.t.) activity with or without 42 g of active ingredient of acephate/ha.The ground deposit of the standard Dipel wettable powder formulation was 12% of emitted volume compared with 21–32% for the Dipel 36B flowable. The viability of B.t. spores was drastically reduced after 1 day of weathering but a high level of biological activity by the spore–crystal complex persisted for up to 20 days post-spray due probably to crystal activity.The addition of about 10% of the recommended operational rate of acephate to the B.t. suspension increased larval mortality by 34% when applied at 4.7 l./ha. Reductions in budworm populations were 97–99% in B.t. + acephate plots and 86–90% in B.t. alone plots.Plots with moderate budworm densities of up to 27 larvae/100 buds on white spruce and 36/100 on balsam fir were satisfactorily protected from excessive defoliation in the year of spray by B.t. with or without acephate. Plots with higher population densities were not satisfactorily protected based on the branch sample examination but aerial color photographs indicated good protection to the top third of the trees. Population declines were greater and defoliation and oviposition were lower in the treated plots than in the untreated checks 1 year later without further treatment. Two years later the larval population densities in all plots were low but the density was twice as high in the untreated check as in the treated plots, indicating long term suppression by the treatments. Defoliation was negligible in all plots.The treatments had no deleterious effect on spruce budworm parasitism. The data indicate that the integrated approach using Bacillus thuringiensis – chemical pesticide combinations is a viable alternative to the use of chemical pesticides alone in spruce budworm control. Large scale testing is now warranted.

Natural variation in balsam fir foliar components of dietary importance to spruce budworm

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Shaw ◽  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Caloric Value ◽  
Seasonal Trends ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Foliar Concentration

Year-to-year, geographical, and local variations in foliar concentrations of crude fat, nitrogen, total sugars, and starch and in foliar caloric value were determined for maturing, current-year needles of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea L.). All except geographical variations proved to be statistically significant. Seasonal trends of chemical concentrations in maturing needles were in agreement with previous findings.Much of the variation in foliar caloric value could be explained by changes in foliar concentration of crude fat.Year-to-year changes in foliar nutrients may influence spruce budworm population dynamics.

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