Burning for black spruce regeneration on a lowland cutover site in southeastern Manitoba

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Chrosciewicz
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Plant Succession ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Experimental Burns

Two experimental burns were tested on a peaty, very moist, lowland site in southeastern Manitoba to improve seedbeds and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) BSP.) regeneration after cutting. The operations were conducted under different degrees of desiccation in the upper peat materials so that light and moderate burns were obtained. Unmerchantable trees that were left standing at the time of cutting constituted the main seed source on each of the burns. After five growing seasons, black spruce stocking by 0.001-acre (4.047-m2) quadrats was 94% on the moderate burn, 70% on the light burn, and 35% on the control. The numbers of seedlings associated with this stocking were 16 129, 3075, and 1898/acre (39 856, 7598, and 4690/ha), respectively. Various seedbed, regeneration, and plant-succession characteristics indicated beneficial effects of burning, and on this basis, future requirements for its postcut use on the black spruce lowlands are discussed.

Multivariate patterns of adaptive genetic variation and seed source transfer in Picea mariana

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Beaulieu ◽  
Martin Perron ◽  
Jean Bousquet
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Adaptive Genetic Variation ◽  
Seed Transfer ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Provenance Test

A short-term retrospective test trial was carried out using 90 open-pollinated families representing 30 provenances of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) from Quebec. Seedlings were transplanted on three sites along a latitudinal gradient, and eleven growth and phenological traits were measured during the second and the third growing seasons. Analyses of variance indicated for most of the traits significant differences among provenances and families-within-provenances. Principal component analysis was used to summarize the variation observed among provenances into two principal components, which accounted for 79% of the total variation for all traits. Regression models developed to relate each trait and the principal component scores to geoclimatic variables explained between 55% and 86% of the variation observed among provenances. Variation in growth traits and phenological traits appeared to be related to geoclimatic factors. The models were validated using data from a range-wide provenance test, and relative risks associated with seed source transfer were estimated. The R2 values between the transfer risk and the provenance heights ranged from 0.02 to 0.58, whereas they were slightly lower for diameters. On average, the relative risks varied from 36% to 67%. Individual provenance values ranged from 4% to 94%. A geographic information system tool was designed to assist the forest managers in making seed transfer decisions.

scholarly journals The Difficulty of Predicting Eastern Spruce Dwarf Mistletoe in Lowland Black Spruce: Model Benchmarking in Northern Minnesota, USA

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 843
Author(s):  
Ella R. Gray ◽  
Matthew B. Russell ◽  
Marcella A. Windmuller-Campione
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Model Interpretation

Insects, fungi, and diseases play an important role in forest stand development and subsequently, forest management decisions and treatments. As these disturbance agents commonly occur within and across landscapes, modeling has often been used to inform forest planning and management decisions. However, models are rarely benchmarked, leaving questions about their utility. Here, we assessed the predictive performance of a Bayesian hierarchical model through on–the-ground sampling to explore what features of stand structure or composition may be important factors related to eastern spruce dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum Peck) presence in lowland black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P.). Twenty-five state-owned stands included in the predictive model were sampled during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons. Within each stand, data related to the presence of eastern spruce dwarf mistletoe, stand structure, and species composition were collected. The model accurately predicted eastern spruce dwarf mistletoe occurrence for 13 of the 25 stands. The amount of living and dead black spruce basal area differed significantly based on model prediction and observed infestation, but trees per hectare, total living basal area, diameter at breast height, stand age, and species richness were not significantly different. Our results highlight the benefits of model benchmarking to improve model interpretation as well as to inform our understanding of forest health problems across diverse stand conditions.

Breeding implications of juvenile selection in a range-wide black spruce provenance test

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Nienstaedt
Keyword(s):  
Large Range ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Provenance Test ◽  
Full Complement ◽  
Growth Initiation ◽  
Growth Differences

Using 3-year heights, the tallest 49 provenances were selected in a nursery test of 110 black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) provenances. A field test of the selected provenances was planted in Wisconsin; two tests of 108 provenances, both in Minnesota. Characteristics evaluated in the nursery included heights after two, three, and five growing seasons, and growth initiation and cessation in the second and third growing season. Heights were measured in the field tests. Separate statistical analyses, ANOVA and simple correlation, were used for the full complement of provenances and for those that were selected. All nursery characteristics varied significantly; the correlations between latitude and height decreased with age, and were not significant after five season's growth. Differences among provenances in free growth may explain this. Selection at age 3 years was not effective; too many selection errors were evident in the test of the full complement of provenances. Early selection on the basis of heights and phenological characteristics is not an effective way of reducing large range-wide provenance tests to breeding populations.

Short-term Performance of Two Sulfonylurea Herbicides: Efficacy, Seedling Survival, and Growth

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
Phillip E. Reynolds ◽  
Micheal J. Roden
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Abstract Metsulfuron (ALLY or ESCORT), 36 and 72 g ai/ha (~ 0.5 and 1.0 oz ai/ac), and sulfometuron (OUST), 150, 300, and 450 g ai/ha (~ 2.1, 4.2, and 6.3 oz ai/ac), were applied to a northern New Brunswick clearcut (silty clay loam and silty clay soils) to reduce raspberry competition. Treatment, using skidder-mounted herbicide application equipment, occurred in May and August 1986, with planting of 2+2, bareroot, black spruce seedlings in June 1986 and in June 1987. Seedling survival and growth were measured yearly for 5 growing seasons after planting. By August 1991, raspberry cover was less in some treatments than in controls. Survival of seedlings planted 1 month after spring treatments was less than controls, and no significant stem volume increases were observed. Survival of seedlings planted approximately 1 yr after spring treatments was greater than that of control seedlings. Survival of seedlings planted after some summer treatments also was poor, and no significant stem volume increases were noted for seedlings planted after site preparation with sulfometuron. Optimal stem volume increases over control seedlings were observed for seedlings planted 1 yr after spring sulfometuron treatment. These increases occurred sooner than for seedlings planted 1 yr after spring metsulfuron treatment or after summer metsulfuron treatment. Fifth-year stem volume for these seedlings was correlated with raspberry cover (r² = 0.44), decreasing as raspberry cover increased. We conclude that the use of other less expensive silvicultural herbicides may provide equally effective raspberry control and better black spruce seedling survival and growth. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):80-85.

scholarly journals Jack Pine Regeneration Following Postcut Burning under Seed Trees in Central Saskatchewan

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Chrosciewicz
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Slash Burning

An experimental burn in conjunction with a seed-tree system was successful in regenerating jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) on a fresh to somewhat moist upland, loamy till, cutover site in central Saskatchewan. About 20 well-formed, uniformly spaced seed trees per hectare were left standing during timber harvest. The ignition of logging slash was carried out under preselected weather and fuel conditions so that favorable seedbeds and adequate seed dispersal from the seed trees were produced. Four growing seasons after burning, jack pine stocking by 4-m2 quadrats was 90% with 12 195 seedlings/ha. Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), to a lesser degree black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.), and other companion tree species also regenerated with the pine. Various seedbed and regeneration characteristics as well as height growth rates are discussed. Key words: Pinus banksiana, slash burning, seed-tree system, forest regeneration, growth rates, central Saskatchewan.

scholarly journals Light-energy processing and freezing-tolerance traits in red spruce and black spruce: species and seed-source variation

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 685-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Major ◽  
D. C. Barsi ◽  
A. Mosseler ◽  
M. Campbell ◽  
O. P. Rajora
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Light Energy ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Energy Processing ◽  
Source Variation

Effects of lime on the botanical composition of pasture over nine years in a field experiment on the south-western slopes of New South Wales

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Li ◽  
K. R. Helyar ◽  
C. M. Evans ◽  
M. C. Wilson ◽  
L. J. C. Castleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Plant Succession ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Eastern Australia

Two permanent pastures (annual pasture v. perennial pasture) were established in 1992 as part of the long-term field experiment, MASTER — Managing Acid Soils Through Efficient Rotations. The primary objective of the experiment was to develop an agricultural system that is economically viable and environmentally sustainable on the highly acidic soils in south-eastern Australia. This paper reports on the effects of lime on the botanical composition changes of annual and perennial pastures over 9 years. In general, lime increased the proportion of the desirable species, such as phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) in perennial pasture and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in annual pastures, and decreased the proportion of the undesirable species, such as Vulpia spp., in both annual and perennial pastures, ultimately improving the quality of feed-on-offer to animals. As a result, the limed pastures carried 24% more sheep than the unlimed pastures, while maintaining individual animal performance similar for both limed and unlimed pastures. The phalaris-based perennial pasture was more stable in terms of maintaining the sown species than the annual pasture. Lime improved the persistence of phalaris and the longevity of the phalaris-based pasture should be at least 10 years. Lime changed the direction of plant succession of annual pastures. Without lime, Vulpia spp. gradually became more dominant while ryegrass and subterranean clover became less dominant in annual pastures. With lime, barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) gradually invaded the sward at the expense of ryegrass, thus reducing the benefits of lime, but this effect was less for the perennial pastures than for annual pastures. Liming perennial pastures should be more beneficial than liming annual pastures because of the beneficial effects on pasture composition. In addition, previously published work reported that liming perennial pastures improved sustainability through better use of water and nitrogen.

Comparative responses of small mammals, vegetation, and food sources to natural regeneration and conifer release treatments in boreal balsam fir stands of Quebec

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1128-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Gagné ◽  
Louis Bélanger ◽  
Jean Huot
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Advance Regeneration

Abundance and species diversity of small mammals were compared among three regeneration methods used in boreal balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests. Those methods were natural regeneration after "careful logging" to retain advance regeneration and planting (black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) followed by herbicide (Vision®) release or brushsaw cutting release. Deciduous vegetation was reduced for two growing seasons in both plantation types after treatment, and foliar arthropods decreased for one growing season. In herbicide-treated plantations, red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) shrub cover, near-ground vegetation, and production of berries were reduced for two growing seasons. After herbicide release, the abundance of the red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi (Vigors)) was significantly lowered for two growing seasons. This negative effect was associated with reduced cover during the first two post-treatment growing seasons. In the short term, herbicide-treated plantations constitute poorer red-backed vole habitats than brushsaw plantations. In early successional boreal balsam fir stands, planting did not markedly affect small mammals probably because natural regeneration was common in these plantations.

scholarly journals Fine roots and ectomycorrhizal colonization in black spruce subjected to reductions in soil moisture

Botany ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Rossi ◽  
Éliane Couture ◽  
Xavier Plante ◽  
Hubert Morin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Mature Stands

Growth and survival of boreal tree species depends on fungal symbionts, namely mycorrhizas. Owing to their rapid turnover, fine roots and their symbionts can be prompt and sensitive indicators of the effects of environmental changes on forest ecosystems. We investigated how a reduction in soil moisture influences the fine roots and ectomycorrhizas (ECM) of black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] after 3 years of rain exclusion in four mature stands of the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. Rain was excluded with transparent plastic under-canopy covers installed during the growing seasons 2010–2012. Soil moisture was strongly affected by the treatment, with water content being reduced from 40% to 21% on average. As expected, the experimental trees showed a decrease in the proportion of vital root tips and ECM with respect to controls. The proportion of vital ECM was also globally reduced from 73.8% to 68.6%, but the effects of the treatment were only significant in two sites. The expected drier conditions due to current warming will likely influence the presence of mycorrhizas, with potential consequences on the root vitality of boreal tree species.

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