Intraspecific Diameter Differentiation as a Measure of Species Replacement Potential

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan N. Auclair ◽  
F. Glenn Goff
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Species Replacement ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Diameter Differentiation

A method is developed to measure species replacement potentials in forest vegetation from tree diameter records taken at a single point in time. Replacement potentials are based on mean diameter differentiation within a species when occurring with other species. The technique incorporates a correction for differences in growth rate and maximum size between species.Successional trends established for Menominee County, Wisconsin and site-successional relations examined by cluster and principal components analyses agreed closely with results of earlier studies in the Lake States. The applicability and limitations of the method are discussed.

scholarly journals The minimally displaced set of an irreducible automorphism of $$F_N$$ is co-compact

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-383
Author(s):  
Stefano Francaviglia ◽  
Armando Martino ◽  
Dionysios Syrigos
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Free Group ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Irreducible Automorphism

AbstractWe study the minimally displaced set of irreducible automorphisms of a free group. Our main result is the co-compactness of the minimally displaced set of an irreducible automorphism with exponential growth $$\phi $$ ϕ , under the action of the centraliser $$C(\phi )$$ C ( ϕ ) . As a corollary, we get that the same holds for the action of $$ <\phi>$$ < ϕ > on $$Min(\phi )$$ M i n ( ϕ ) . Finally, we prove that the minimally displaced set of an irreducible automorphism of growth rate one consists of a single point.

Regional Differences in Otolith Morphology of the Deep Slope Red Snapper Etelis carbunculus

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kimberly Smith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Red Snapper ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Otolith Shape ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Wide Range

Sagittal otoliths from four populations of the Pacific deep slope red snapper Etelis carbunculus Cuvier were compared using Fourier descriptors and other shape indices, linear proportions, and dry weight. Otoliths from Hawaii, Vanuatu, Fiji and French Polynesia and a small number from the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (NMI) were examined. Regional shape and weight characteristics were distinguishable, despite the wide range of individual variation and limited available size range from some regions. Size-specific differences in otolith shape were found for the four regions for which a sufficient sample was available. Otoliths from Hawaii, French Polynesia, and NMI showed a significant shape affinity. Otoliths from Fiji and Vanuatu were similarly shaped and were distinct from those from the other three regions. Interregional otolith shape affinities for the stocks examined parallel similarities in maximum size and growth rate from the literature, suggesting that growth rate may influence otolith shape. Observed trends in otolith weight as a function of fish length support growth-related regional differences in otolith shape.

scholarly journals In situ Growth Rate Assessment of the Hexactinellid Sponge Asconema setubalense Using 3D Photogrammetric Reconstruction

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Prado ◽  
Javier Cristobo ◽  
Augusto Rodríguez-Basalo ◽  
Pilar Ríos ◽  
Cristina Rodríguez-Cabello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Von Bertalanffy ◽  
3D Point Clouds ◽  
Novel Approach

We describe the first application of a non-invasive and novel approach to estimate the growth rate of Asconema setubalense (Porifera, Hexactinellida) through the use of 3D photogrammetric methodology. Structure-from-Motion techniques (SfM) were applied to videos acquired with the Politolana ROTV in the El Cachucho Marine Protected Area (MPA) (Cantabrian Sea) on three different dates (2014, 2017, and 2019) over six years. With these data, a multi-temporal study was conducted within the framework of MPA monitoring. A complete 3D reconstruction of the deep-sea floor was achieved with Pix4D Mapper Pro software for each date. Having 3D point clouds of the study area enabled a series of measurements that were impossible to obtain in 2D images. In 3D space, the sizes (height, diameter, cup-perimeter, and cup-surface area) of several A. setubalense specimens were measured each year. The annual growth rates recorded ranged from zero (“no growth”) for a large size specimen, to an average of 2.2 cm year–1 in cup-diameter, and 2.5 cm year–1 in height for developing specimens. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated. Taking into account the size indicators used in this study and based on the von Bertalanffy growth model, this sponge reaches 95% maximum size at 98 years of age. During the MPA monitoring program, a high number of specimens disappeared. This raised suspicions of a phenomenon affecting the survival of this species in the area. This type of image-based methodology does not cause damage or alterations to benthic communities and should be employed in vulnerable ecosystem studies and MPA monitoring.

scholarly journals Glide analysis and bone strength tests indicate powered flight capabilities in hatchling pterosaurs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P Witton ◽  
Elizabeth Martin-Silverstone ◽  
Darren Naish
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Bone Strength ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Strength Analysis ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Very High

Pterosaur embryos and ‘hatchling’ specimens show a surprising level of skeletal development including well-ossified skeletons and large wings. This has prompted interpretations of pterosaurs as being flight-capable from the earliest ontogenetic stages, contrasting them against the majority of other flying animals, living or extinct. Though popular, this hypothesis is not universally accepted. Some authors propose that pterosaurs only became flight capable once they reached 50% of maximum size, explaining a slowing of growth rate in later ontogeny as metabolic resources were diverted into an energy-demanding form of locomotion. We investigated these hypotheses through glide performance and wing bone strength analysis on hatchling-grade specimens of two pterosaurs, Pterodaustro guinazui and Sinopterus dongi. We found that hatchling pterosaurs were excellent gliders, but with a wing ecomorphology more comparable to powered fliers than obligate gliders. Bone strength analysis shows that hatchling pterosaur wing bones are structurally identical to those of larger pterosaurs and – because of their very low body masses – their bending strength relative to body weight is very high, comparable to or exceeding the greatest values estimated for larger, more mature pterosaurs. Hatchling pterosaurs are thus as mechanically adapted to powered flight stresses as other pterosaurs, if not moreso. Together with our glide tests, this result supports interpretations of hatchling pterosaurs as flight-capable. Size differences between pterosaur hatchlings and larger members of their species dictate differences in wing ecomorphology and flight capabilities at different life stages, which might have bearing on pterosaur ontogenetic niching.

Fast and controllable synthesis of AB-stacked bilayer MoS2 for photoelectric detection

2D Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Wang ◽  
Yanhui Zhang ◽  
Dongyang Zhao ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
He Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Transition Metal Dichalcogenides ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Mixed Solution ◽  
Photoelectric Detection ◽  
Growth Method ◽  
Metal Dichalcogenides ◽  
Average Size

Abstract In recent years, researchers have explored the interlayer stacking structure of the bilayer (BL) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and found that it has unique impact on the electrical, optical, and vibrational properties of TMDCs. Unfortunately, the size of BL TMDCs synthesized by the pre-existing methods is not large. In addition, there is not any effective mean to control the number of layers as well as the stack structure. This is the major limiting factor for further exploration of the properties of BL TMDCs. We report a new method for the rapid and controllable growth of AB-stacked BL MoS2. Firstly, the mixed solution of Na2MoO4 and NaOH was spun on the sapphire substrate and then sulfurated. The BL MoS2 of AB-stacked can be obtained by changing the time of sulfur introduction. The size of the BL MoS2 is related to the parameters of sulfur. The maximum size of BL MoS2 grown by this method can reach 288 μm, and the average size can reach about 200 μm, which is larger than the size reported in most articles. In addition, the growth rate of BL MoS2 can be clearly increased by the spin-coating growth method and the fastest growth rate is up to 144 μm/min, which is far higher than other published reports at present. Subsequently, a photodetector based on BL MoS2 was prepared. The response time of rising edge is about 0.32 ms, and that of falling edge is about 3.2 ms. The detector prepared by us shows excellent photoelectric detection performance. Therefore, the excellent performance of BL MoS2 makes it have a broad application prospect in the field of high-performance electronics and optoelectronics.

Pollen maps for the British Isles 5000 years ago

1975 ◽  
Vol 189 (1094) ◽  
pp. 87-105 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components Analysis ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forest Clearance ◽  
Pollen Rain ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Western Ireland

Isopollen maps of Pinus, Betula, Quercus, Ulmus, Alnus, Corylus , and Tilia for 5000 B.P. are presented for the British Isles. The maps show the major geographical patterns in the pollen spectra. The data are subjected to principal components analysis, and the results emphasize the major gradients in the data. These divide northern and eastern Scotland and western Ireland from the rest of Britain, central Ireland from the rest of the British Isles, and northern and western England from southern and eastern England. Such patterns in the past pollen rain are considered to reflect past patterns in forest vegetation just prior to the onset of forest clearance by Neolithic man.

scholarly journals Ovarian follicle growth dynamics during the postpartum period in Holstein cows and effects of contemporary cyst occurrence

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 562-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rajmon ◽  
J. Šichtař ◽  
L. Vostrý ◽  
D. Řehák
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Follicular Waves ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Follicular Cyst

The indicators of follicle development with regard to the growth wave order, the first ovulation, animal parity, and also with regard to the simultaneous presence or absence of a follicular cyst were determined in cows in the course of 60 days postpartum. Follicular dynamics were monitored daily by ultrasonography. The animals were assigned to three groups based on the time of the 1<sup>st</sup> ovulation: G1 (n = 9) &ndash; the 1<sup>st</sup> dominant follicle (DF) ovulated, G2 (n = 10) &ndash; ovulation occurred on the 2<sup>nd</sup> or later follicular waves, and G3 (n = 5) &ndash; no ovulation occurred during the experimental period. G1 animals showed better fertility later (no cyst, less days open, P = 0.07, less hormonal treatment, P = 0.008). The rhythm of follicular wave development was generally similar in all the animals (based on emergence of the first follicular wave, the interval from emergence to deviation, and the number of all follicular waves). Nevertheless, emergence of follicular waves and deviation occurred by 0.5&ndash;0.9 day earlier in primiparous than in multiparous cows and in G1 vs. G2, or G3, respectively (in all P &lt; 0.05). DF development was independent of parity as well as group effects, but the maximum size and growth rate (1.2 vs. 0.8 cm/day, P &lt; 0.05) were higher in ovulatory follicles (OF) than in regressive ones (rDF). The presence of a growing cyst decreased the probability of rDF as well as OF development (P &lt; 0.0001). The OF growth rate was faster in the milieu of a stagnating cyst than without any cyst (P &lt; 0.04). Therefore, the development of follicles was dramatically suppressed beyond, but nor before, deviation in the milieu of a growing cyst. Cessation of the cyst growth accelerated the development of OFs. On the contrary, a cystic structure without any significant growth can persist for weeks with no effect on successful follicular development.

The pattern of growth in the early lifecycle of individual Sepia pharaonis

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. Minton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sepia Pharaonis ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
R Value ◽  
The Individual

The pattern of growth in the early lifecycle of the pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, was investigated by rearing hatchlings at 26°C in two separate trials. In each trial, the mean weight and mantle length (ML) was recorded in 5-day intervals. In addition, in each trial the growth of 20 group-reared cuttlefish was measured as a control to compare against the individual data. After 60 days of growth, the mean size for individuals in trial 1 was 2.75 g (maximum size 3.32 g) and in trial 2 was 12.76 g (maximum size 14.99 g) at 90 days. Each individual went through distinct growth phases during the first 90 days after hatching. The first growth phase matched exponential curves with an R-value of 0.98 or better, and the second growth phase corresponded with linear and power growth curves at an R-value of 0.98 or better. In trial 1, the mean growth rate for individuals during the first phase was 5.91% BW day–1 and the control group growth rate was 6.36% BW day–1. In trial 2, the mean growth rate for individuals during the first phase was 6.06% BW day–1 and the control group growth rate was 6.70% BW day–1.

scholarly journals The Growth Rate Of Verruca Stroemia (O. Müller)

1958 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Rhythmic Pattern ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rhythmic Growth ◽  
Specific Growth Rates ◽  
High Level ◽  
Balanus Balanoides

Data are presented on the growth rate of Verruca stroemia under natural conditions and when exposed continuously and cleaned repeatedly. Several series exposed at different times of the year were followed.Rapid growth takes place (under raft conditions) following settlement; the maximum size is virtually reached in one season's growth between spring and early winter. There is little growth in midwinter.Differences between the mean specific growth rates of the various series can be ascribed to differences in the availability of food.The question is discussed as to whether there is any seasonal rhythm; the evidence indicates that no marked rhythmic pattern of growth exists.Observations on deep-water populations would be of value for comparison and to unmask any relatively weak rhythmic growth.The mean specific growth rates at half their maximum size are compared for several species—Balanus balanoides, B. crenatus, B. balanus, Chthamalus stellatus and Verruca stroemia; it is similar for all species except Chthamalus stellatus. The high level barnacle may require stimulation such as is provided by wave action to elicit full metabolic activity.

Four-decadal series of dendrometer measurements reveals trends in Pinus sylvestris L. inter- and intra-annual growth response to climatic conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rūtilė Pukienė ◽  
Adomas Vitas ◽  
Justas Kažys ◽  
Egidijus Rimkus
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Pine Tree

A 42-year sequence (1976–2017) of Scots pine tree diameter measurements using band dendrometers at the Aukštaitija National Park (Lithuania) study site was analysed. We have evaluated the intra- and inter annual growth dynamics of tree’s diameters and their response to meteorological forcing, as well as the long-term annual and monthly growth-rate changes in tree diameter in the study area. On average, the largest tree-diameter growth was found to have taken place during the month of June (35% of the annual increase). After June 24, the diameter growth rate decreased very strongly. The pine growth in May and August was mostly affected by the temperature of the previous month. The precipitation amount was the main driver that determined tree growth in June‒August. Heavy precipitation events had the largest impact on short-term tree-diameter increases. As a consequence of air temperature rise, we have determined the largest positive Scots pine tree diameter growth-rate changes in May and June during the period from 1976 to 2017.

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