Seasonal, Daily, and Hourly Growth of Height and Radius in Norway Spruce

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Worrall
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Dimensional Changes ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Growth Initiation ◽  
Total Growth

Daily height increment of trees was measured throughout two growing seasons as was 2-day radial increment of 212 of the same trees in the second season. The relationships between phenological variables and total growth, and the effect of environment on short term growth were assessed. Inferences taken from the latter data were tested on seedlings under more controlled conditions in the laboratory. The arbitrarily defined dates of initiation and cessation of growth, and the grand period growth rates were read from the growth curves. The respective simple r2 values between these variables and height growth were 0.10, 0.40, and 0.71, and r2 for the multiple regression of height growth and these variables was 0.94; for radial growth these values were 0.07, 0.56, 0.64, and 0.94. Length of the growing season and grand period growth rate were positively correlated. Dates of growth initiation and growth cessation were also positively correlated.Daily height growth varied considerably, depending strongly on temperature and relative humidity. The latter was associated with both a change in growth rate and a physical (nongrowth) change in size. Radial growth varied less, and depended less on environmental conditions. Minimum daily radius occurred several hours after the occurrence of maximum xylem sap tension.In seedlings, dimensional changes were very rapid on change of water stress. Day height growth rate was higher than night growth rate, presumably because of current photosynthate use.

scholarly journals Monthly Radial Growth Model of Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.), and the Relationships between Radial Increment and Climate Factors

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
Yaqi Huang ◽  
Xiangwen Deng ◽  
Zhonghui Zhao ◽  
Wenhua Xiang ◽  
Wende Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Cunninghamia Lanceolata ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation

Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) is the most commonly grown afforestation species in subtropical China. It is essential that we understand the response of radial tree growth to climate factors, yet most experiments have been conducted based on total annual growth and not on monthly dynamics, which alone can detail the influence of climatic factors. In this study, we aimed to: (i) construct a monthly growth model and compare the growth rate of different social statuses of trees, and (ii) determine the response of radial increments of different social statuses to climate factors. The radial growth was monitored monthly during four years using manual band dendrometers (MBD). The data were fitted using the Gompertz function. Within-stand differences in the social status of Chinese firs resulted in growing period and growth rate length variations. The radial growth began in March, and suppressed trees—especially groups of AS1 and BS1 (suppressed trees of classes I in sites A and B)—stopped in September, whereas dominant and intermediate trees were delayed and stopped in November. The periodic monthly increment curve showed double peaks, and the maximum growth rate occurred in April and August. The peak values were affected by social status, which showed that dominant trees had the greatest radial growth rates. S-shaped Gompertz meant that monthly increment models were successfully fitted to our data, which explained more than 98% of the variation in increment data and passed the uncertainty test. Temperature and precipitation had a significant influence on radial growth, and the correlation between radial growth and air temperature was the highest. Our results also revealed that temperatures explain the double-peak features of Chinese fir. The limiting factors of radial growth changed with the seasons and were mainly affected by temperature and precipitation, which should be considered in predicting the response of tree growth to climate change.

scholarly journals The influence of surface fire on radial and height growth of Pinus sylvestris L. in forest-steppe in Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Iryna Koval ◽  
Serhiy Sydorenko
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Surface Fire

AbstractThe article presents the results of the research on the peculiarity of response ofPinus sylvestrisL. growth in height and diameter in young pine forest stand of the Left-Bank forest-steppe of Ukraine under the influence of surface fire that happened in May 2011. Forestry taxation, comparative ecology, standard dendrochronological methods were used. Response of trees was different for the height growth and the radial increment in the year of fire (2011). The radial growth got depressed in the year of fire; at the same time, the height of trees showed positive trend of growth against the background of favourable weather conditions. The growth in height was more ductile and completed its recovery to a particular level in 2014, unlike the radial growth, which recovered only in 2016. The relationships between radial growth on one side and stand sanitary state and height of bark char on the other were approximated by quadratic and cubic regression equations. Dynamics of pine growth depends on climatic factors also. Percentage of the late wood should be used to assess the condition of stands after fire. Research of post-pyrogenic development of forest ecosystems will allow more effective planning of forest management measures, and also allow the adjustment of the monitoring duration for pine forest stands damaged by fires.

scholarly journals Growth trends of spruce in the Orlické hory Mts.

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vejpustková ◽  
D. Zahradník ◽  
V. Šrámek ◽  
V. Fadrhonsová
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
Yield Table ◽  
Significant Comparison

In 2002, height and diameter growth of spruce was investigated in the Orlick&eacute; hory Mts. (the Czech Republic). The aim was to confirm and to quantify a growth increase in stands of different age, and to reveal the relation between growth and climate, and level of nitrogen deposition. Stem analyses of ten sample trees of mature spruce stand (average age 163 years) confirmed a significant increase in height and diameter growth since the mid-eighties of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. Nearly 75% of radial increment variability could be explained by climatic factors. Growth in the last 10 years corresponded well to weather conditions. Analysis of the growth &ndash; nitrogen deposition relationship showed negative correlations, but the results were not statistically significant. Comparison of the height growth curves of young stands (11&ndash;47 years) proved that the younger the stand, the steeper the growth curve. The height of the youngest stands was on average the double of the height of older stands at the same age. The values of the height growth of young stands significantly overreached the yield table values in all the age classes analyzed.

scholarly journals Historical Radial Growth of Chinese Torreya Trees and Adaptation to Climate Change

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiongwen Chen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Growing Seasons

Chinese Torreya is a vital crop tree with an average life span of a thousand years in subtropical China. Plantations of this tree are broadly under construction, to benefit the local economy. Information on the growth and adaptation to climate change for this species is limited, but tree rings might show responses to historical climate dynamics. In this study, six stem sections from Chinese Torreya trees between 60 and 90 years old were acquired and analyzed with local climate data. The results indicated that the accumulated radial growth increased linearly with time, even at the age of 90 years, and the average radial increment of each tree ranged from 1.9 to 5.1 mm/year. The variances of basal area increment (BAI) increased with time, and correlated with the variances of precipitation in the growing seasons. Taylor’s power law was present in the radial growth, with the scaling exponents concentrated within 1.9–2.1. A “Triangle”-shaped relationship was found between the precipitation in the growing seasons and annual radial increments. Similar patterns also appeared for the standard precipitation index, maximum monthly air temperature and minimum monthly air temperature. The annual increases were highly correlated with the local climate. Slow growth, resilience to drought and multiple stems in one tree might help the tree species adapt to different climate conditions, with the implications for plantation management discussed in this paper.

Probiotics Slow the Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowles H. L.
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Controlled Delivery ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multiple Strains ◽  
Commercial Probiotics

Probiotics are live microorganisms, which when ingested in sufficient amounts, confer health benefits to the host by improving the gut microflora balance. The purpose of this research was to determine whether commercial probiotic products containing multitude of commensal bacteria would reduce the growth rate of pathogenic bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Growth curves were established, and the growth rates were compared for samples of E. coli, S. typhimurium, Nature’s Bounty Controlled Delivery probiotic, Sundown Naturals Probiotic Balance probiotic, and cocultures of the pathogenic bacteria mixed with the probiotics. The findings of this research were that the commercial probiotics significantly reduced the growth rate of E. coli and S. typhimurium when combined in cocultures. Probiotics containing multiple strains may be taken prophylactically to reduce the risk of bacterial infections caused by E. coli and S. typhimurium. Probiotics could be used to reduce the high global morbidity and mortality rates of diarrheal disease.

 The Effect of a Pine Looper Moth Outbreak on the Radial Growth Rate of Pine

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 754-760
Author(s):  
V. G. Soukhovolsky ◽  
P. A. Krasnoperova ◽  
E. N. Pal’nikova ◽  
I. V. Sviderskaya ◽  
O. V. Tarasova
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Radial Growth Rate

Height growth rate of Scots pine in Central Europe increased by 29% between 1900 and 2000 due to changes in site productivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 490 ◽  
pp. 119102
Author(s):  
Jarosław Socha ◽  
Svein Solberg ◽  
Luiza Tymińska-Czabańska ◽  
Piotr Tompalski ◽  
Patrick Vallet
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Productivity

scholarly journals Chasing the ghost of infection past: identifying thresholds of change during the COVID-19 infection in Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Santamaría ◽  
Joaquín Hortal
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Health Communication ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Exponential Growth Rate ◽  
Public Health Communication ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Key Events

Abstract One of the largest nationwide bursts of the first COVID-19 outbreak occurred in Spain, where infection expanded in densely populated areas through March 2020. We analyse the cumulative growth curves of reported cases and deaths in all Spain and two highly populated regions, Madrid and Catalonia, identifying changes and sudden shifts in their exponential growth rate through segmented Poisson regressions. We associate these breakpoints with a timeline of key events and containment measures, and data on policy stringency and citizen mobility. Results were largely consistent for infections and deaths in all territories, showing four major shifts involving 19–71% reductions in growth rates originating from infections before 3 March and on 5–8, 10–12 and 14–18 March, but no identifiable effect of the strengthened lockdown of 29–30 March. Changes in stringency and mobility were only associated to the latter two shifts, evidencing an early deceleration in COVID-19 spread associated to personal hygiene and social distancing recommendations, followed by a stronger decrease when lockdown was enforced, leading to the contention of the outbreak by mid-April. This highlights the importance of combining public health communication strategies and hard confinement measures to contain epidemics.

scholarly journals Growth in achondroplasia, from birth to adulthood, analysed by the JPA-2 model

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1589-1595
Author(s):  
Mariana del Pino ◽  
Virginia Fano ◽  
Paula Adamo
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Growth Velocity ◽  
Adult Height ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity

AbstractObjectivesIn general population, there are three phases in the human growth curve: infancy, childhood and puberty, with different main factors involved in their regulation and mathematical models to fit them. Achondroplasia children experience a fast decreasing growth during infancy and an “adolescent growth spurt”; however, there are no longitudinal studies that cover the analysis of the whole post-natal growth. Here we analyse the whole growth curve from infancy to adulthood applying the JPA-2 mathematical model.MethodsTwenty-seven patients, 17 girls and 10 boys with achondroplasia, who reached adult size, were included. Height growth data was collected from birth until adulthood. Individual growth curves were estimated by fitting the JPA-2 model to each individual’s height for age data.ResultsHeight growth velocity curves show that after a period of fast decreasing growth velocity since birth, with a mean of 9.7 cm/year at 1 year old, the growth velocity is stable in late preschool years, with a mean of 4.2 cm/year. In boys, age and peak height velocity in puberty were 13.75 years and 5.08 cm/year and reach a mean adult height of 130.52 cm. In girls, the age and peak height velocity in puberty were 11.1 years and 4.32 cm/year and reach a mean adult height of 119.2 cm.ConclusionsThe study of individual growth curves in achondroplasia children by the JPA-2 model shows the three periods, infancy, childhood and puberty, with a similar shape but lesser in magnitude than general population.

scholarly journals Four Site-Preparation Techniques for Regenerating Pine-Hardwood Mixtures in the Piedmont

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Waldrop
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Abstract Four variations of the fell-and-burn technique, a system developed to produce mixed pine-hardwood stands in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, were compared in the Piedmont region. All variations of this technique successfully improved the commercial value of low-quality hardwood stands by introducing a pine component. After six growing seasons, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) occupied the dominant crown position and oaks the codominant position in fell-and-burn treated stands on poor to medium quality sites. The precise timing of felling residual stems, as prescribed by the fell-and-burn technique, may be flexible because winter and spring felling produced similar results. Although summer site preparation burns reduced hardwood height growth by reducing the length of the first growing season, they did not improve pine survival or growth. Pines were as tall as hardwoods within four growing seasons in burned plots and within six growing seasons in unburned plots. Additional research is needed to determine the level or intensity of site preparation needed to establish pine-hardwood mixtures over a range of site conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):116-122.

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