Accumulation and Utilization of Carbohydrate Reserves in Shoot Growth of Pinusresinosa

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Olofinboba ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Phloem Translocation ◽  
Food Reserves

Evidence is presented which emphasizes the importance of food reserves and conditions controlling late-season photosynthesis (e.g. during bud development) to subsequent-year shoot growth ofPinusresinosa. By the end of August, after shoot elongation ceased, current 14C-photosynthate was mobilized by roots, stems, and twigs. Much of the currently produced photosynthate accumulated as reserves in roots, stems, and twigs. When phloem blocks were applied in March behind the prior-year internode of defoliated shoots, thereby preventing phloem translocation of currently produced photosynthate from old needles to the buds, considerable shoot expansion still occurred, indicating utilization of reserve photosynthates of the prior-year internode.

Timing of defoliation and its effect on bud development, starch reserves, and sap sugar concentration in sugar maple

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Gregory ◽  
Philip M. Wargo
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
And Control

Sapling sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) trees were defoliated artificially at 10-day intervals beginning May 27 and ending August 5, 1981. Refoliation, terminal bud and shoot development, and xylem starch and sap sugar concentration were observed in defoliated and control trees. All defoliated trees refoliated, but decreasingly with later defoliation. Defoliation caused an acceleration in the rate of primordia initiation in terminal shoot apices. After early season defoliations, the developing buds in the axils of the removed leaves abscissed, but axillary and terminal buds on the refoliated terminal shoots survived through winter. In late season defoliation, most buds of refoliated shoots did not survive and the next year's growth depended on axillary buds formed prior to defoliation. Thus, when progressing from early to late defoliations, the next year's shoot growth depended decreasingly on the last-formed and increasingly on the first-formed portions of the previous year's shoot. Early October starch concentration in xylem decreased with later defoliation and was nearly absent in shoots and roots of trees defoliated in late July. There was not, however, a corresponding decrease in sap sugar concentration. Mortality occurred only in late defoliated trees and was associated with starch depletion.

Seedling Shoot and Bud Development in Provenances of Sitka Spruce, Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas F. W. Pollard ◽  
Abraham H. Teich ◽  
Kenneth T. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Induction Period ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Needle Primordia

Growth and development of seedlings of ten provenances were compared in three investigations. The provenances ranged from Oregon to south-east Alaska and were collected for the I.U.F.R.O. International Sitka Spruce Provenance Experiment. The potential for seedling growth was studied by measuring (a) the rate of shoot growth and (b) the duration of shoot elongation. Growth rate was rather uniform, being only slightly faster among northern provenances. The duration of shoot growth, under artificial declining photoperiods was strongly influenced by latitude of origin. The critical photoperiods necessary for sustained growth in southern provenances were up to 4 hours shorter than those in northern provenances. In the third investigation development of the terminal bud was followed during the first 8 weeks. After a 4-week induction period buds attained macroscopic sizes with ca. 100 needle primordia. Northern provenances had up to 65% more primordia than southern ones. At 8 weeks, a strong but reversed relationship was evident, with southern provenances having up to 35% more than northern provenances. These observations indicate that latitude-correlated variations will be an important feature of the I.U.F.R.O. Experiment, with southern provenances performing especially well in southern trials. Potential advantages of southern provenances will be protracted periods of shoot growth in young seedlings and protracted periods of development of the primordial shoot in overwintering buds. However, where summer seasons are short, such advantages may not be realized.

Bud development in Picea glauca. I. Annual growth cycle of vegetative buds and shoot elongation as they relate to date and temperature sums

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (21) ◽  
pp. 2728-2745 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Marje Molder ◽  
Hilary Langer
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Leaf Initiation ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Vegetative Bud

Vegetative buds of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss were studied throughout the annual growth cycle in several trees in 1975 and 1976 and bud development was related to lateral vegetative shoot growth, date, and temperature sums.Vegetative buds became mitotically active in mid-April at lower elevations and about 6 weeks later at higher elevations. Shoot elongation was characterized by similar smooth sigmoid curves in both years. Shoot growth was slow for the 1st month, rapid during the 2nd month, and slow again for the 3rd month and ended by early August. Temperature sums related best to percentage of shoot elongation if the end of vegetative bud dormancy was used as the starting date and 5 °C was used as the threshold temperature. Arbitrarily chosen starting dates and threshold temperatures gave temperature sums which were related to shoot elongation only when shoot elongation was nearly completed. Generally, if the end of vegetative bud dormancy is known, the number of days from that time is nearly as accurate as the more complex use of temperature sums in predicting the percentage of shoot elongation or the stage of vegetative bud development.Bud-scale initiation occurred during shoot elongation. Axillary buds were initiated in mid-May and flushing occurred when shoots had elongated to about 30% of their final length in late May or early June. The end of shoot elongation coincided with the onset of leaf initiation on all trees in both years. The change from bud-scale initiation to leaf initiation was preceded by a marked increase in apical width and a slight increase in apical height and mitotic frequency. Leaf initiation was rapid for 6 weeks then slower for the last 4 weeks. Vegetative buds became dormant in mid-October.Vegetative bud development is closely related to shoot elongation. Breaking of vegetative bud dormancy was not affected by temperature but shoot elongation and flushing were affected by temperatures which occurred after dormancy was broken.

Girdling: its effect on carbohydrate status and on reproductive bud and cone development of Douglas fir

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Ebell
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Cone Development ◽  
Food Reserves ◽  
Vegetative Bud

Partial girdles were applied in August, 1957, to one stem of two double-stemmed, 20-year-old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). The second stem served as control. A third double-stemmed tree was treated in May, 1958. Cone production responses were obtained on all three girdled stems, averaging 7.4 times that of control stems in 1959, and 1.6 and 2.3 times that of control stems in 1961 and 1962. Cone production responses to treatment, and cone crop variation over several years were correlated with reduced bud failure during the period of new shoot elongation. Total number of buds per shoot was initially similar for paired stems. These relationships indicated a predetermined potential for annual cone production, and that cone crop periodicity is determined by later conditions favorable or unfavorable to continued early bud development. Treatment increased both sugars and starch in shoots sampled 40 days after August girdling, but only starch remained elevated the next spring and throughout the decisive May–June period of reproductive bud development. Other factors indicated food reserves to be related only weakly to reproductive bud survival. Cone production reduced carbohydrate concentration in shoots of all ages, growth and number of new shoots, and number of developed buds per shoot. These factors explain the absence of consecutive cone crops in Douglas fir, and suggest that cone inducing treatments should not be applied in good flowering years. Cone production responses on single-stemmed trees girdled at weekly intervals showed an optimum timing coincident with the onset of flowering, a more variable response up to the time of vegetative bud break, then an adverse effect on cone production when girdled later than 1 week after vegetative bud break.

Heat tolerance of actively growing, bud-initiated, and dormant black spruce seedlings

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1103-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Koppenaal ◽  
S. J. Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Test Chamber ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Environmental Test ◽  
Heat Tolerant

To determine the effect of stage of bud development on heat tolerance, overwintered black spruce seedlings (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) were (i) maintained in a dormant state, (ii) allowed to grow new shoots under favorable greenhouse conditions, or (iii) induced to initiate bud scales using short-photoperiod treatment following a period of new shoot elongation. Seedlings of the three shoot types were then exposed for 10 min to temperatures of 25, 42, 45, 50, or 55 °C in an environmental test chamber. Damage to the current-year shoot was lower in bud-initiated seedlings than in active seedlings, particularly at 42 °C, when 0 and 46%, respectively, of the length of the main shoot was damaged. The current-year shoot growth was much more sensitive to heat stress than the lignified first-year shoot, and therefore dormant seedlings, which had only first-year shoot growth, were most heat tolerant, showing damage only at 50 and 55 °C.

Interaction between gibberellin A4/7 and root-pruning on the reproductive and vegetative processes in Douglas-fir. IV. Effects on lateral bud development

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Owens ◽  
J. E. Webber ◽  
S. D. Ross ◽  
R. P. Pharis
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Mitotic Frequency ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Vegetative Bud

The anatomy, mitotic frequency, size, and total insoluble carbohydrate histochemistry was studied in axillary apices from 9- and 10-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees after cone induction treatments of root-pruning and (or) stem injections of a gibberellin A4 and A7 (GA4/7) mixture. Axillary buds were initiated at the time of root-pruning, but root-pruning treatment had no effect on axillary bud initiation. Axillary apices from control and gibberellin-treated trees were similar and followed the normal sequence of bud-scale initiation, differentiation, and leaf initiation (described previously) and no cone buds differentiated. Early development of axillary apices from root-pruned and root-pruned, gibberellin-treated trees was normal, but development became retarded near the time of vegetative bud flush. Retarded apices were small with low mitotic frequency and developed many features characteristics of latent apices. Retardation of axillary apices continued until mid-July when normal development resumed and apices differentiated into reproductive buds or vegetative buds, or became latent. The trees in which the greatest retardation of apical development occurred during lateral shoot elongation produced the most cone buds. These results are discussed in relation to hypotheses proposed to explain how cultural and gibberellin treatments affect cone induction in the Pinaceae.

Timing and rate of bud formation in Pinus resinosa

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1821-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Sucoff
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Apical Dome

During the 1969 and 1970 growing season buds were collected almost weekly from matched trees in northeastern Minnesota. Cataphyll primordia for the year n + 1 shoot began forming at the time that internodes in the year n shoot started elongating (late April) and continued forming until early September. Primordia for axillary buds started forming about 2 months later and stopped forming at the same time as cataphylls. The size and deposition activity of the apical dome simultaneously increased during the early growing season and decreased during the late season. The maximum rates in July were over nine cataphylls per day.Rate of cataphyll deposition paralleled elongation of the needles on subtending shoots. Forty to fifty percent of the cataphylls had been formed when shoot growth was 95% complete. Although the bulk of the depositions occurred earlier in 1970, when growing degree days were used as the clock, the 2 years were similar.The results provide quantitative data to complement the histologic emphasis of previous studies.

scholarly journals Inflorescence Bud Initiation, Development, and Bloom in Two Southern Highbush Blueberry Cultivars

2015 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisson P. Kovaleski ◽  
Jeffrey G. Williamson ◽  
James W. Olmstead ◽  
Rebecca L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
The Relationship

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) production is increasing worldwide, particularly in subtropical growing regions, but information on timing and extent of inflorescence bud development during summer and fall and effects on bloom the next season are limited. The objectives of this study were to determine time of inflorescence bud initiation, describe internal inflorescence bud development, and determine the relationship between internal inflorescence bud development and bloom period the next spring in two southern highbush blueberry [SHB (Vaccinium corymbosum interspecific hybrids)] cultivars. ‘Emerald’ and ‘Jewel’ SHB buds were collected beginning in late summer until shoot growth cessation in late fall for dissection and identification of organ development. Inflorescence bud frequency and number, vegetative and inflorescence bud length and width throughout development, and bloom were also assessed. Inflorescence bud initiation occurred earlier in ‘Emerald’ compared with ‘Jewel’. Five stages of internal inflorescence bud development were defined throughout fall in both cultivars, ranging from a vegetative meristem to early expansion of the inflorescence bud in late fall. ‘Emerald’ inflorescence buds were larger and bloomed earlier, reflecting the earlier inflorescence bud initiation and development. Although inflorescence bud initiation occurred earlier in ‘Emerald’ compared with ‘Jewel’, the pattern of development was not different. Timing of inflorescence bud initiation influenced timing of bloom with earlier initiation resulting in earlier bloom.

Promoting bud development in balsam fir Christmas trees with 6-benzylaminopurine

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Carrier Solution ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Lateral Buds

The entire crown of variously fertilized, unsheared Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill. trees was sprayed once or twice weekly for 2, 4, or 8 weeks with an aqueous solution of 0 or 600 mg 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) L−1 containing 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide, 13.5% methanol, and 0.1% Tween 20, starting at different times during the period of shoot elongation. In the year of application, BAP inhibited the elongation of the current-year shoot, increased the number of lateral buds formed on this shoot, and induced lammas growth. Both BAP and the carrier solution caused some phytotoxicity in current-year needles. Responses to BAP treatment varied markedly with genotype, whorl position, and time of application, and decreased with mineral deficiency, and decreasing BAP dosage. After overwintering, many of the BAP-induced lateral buds elongated, resulting in an increased number of shoots, hence in a denser crown.

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